While thrombolytic therapy can be effective for stroke, many patients are unable to benefit due to time restrictions. In an aging society, sarcopenia, a condition marked by reduced muscle volume, often worsens recovery after stroke. Our study explored how mitochondria, which are abundant in muscle, could aid in stroke recovery through exercise-induced migration. Using mouse models of chronic hypoperfusion and ischemia, alongside in vitro studies with rat primary cells under oxygen–glucose deprivation and CoCl2 exposure, we found that treadmill exercise protected against white matter injury, myelin loss, astroglial formation, and memory deficits observed 28 days post-hypoperfusion. In acute ischemia models, training reduced glial activation and post-stroke complications. Exercise increased mitochondrial levels in muscle and blood, facilitating their migration between tissues via platelets. In vitro, the addition of muscle-derived mitochondria enhanced the survival of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Notably, platelets carrying mitochondria from treadmill-trained mice significantly improved ischemic white matter injury and mitigated post-stroke complications. This study highlights mitochondria as a critical part of the secretome, suggesting that muscle-derived mitochondria might play a role in the protective effects of remote ischemic preconditioning. Cell–cell mitochondrial migration, therefore, could offer a promising new approach to reducing post-stroke complications and vascular dementia.
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