Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: Origins, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets

Abstract

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a highly conserved population of immune cells that can be activated via the major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein pathway or cytokine pathways, playing a central role in immune surveillance. This review provides comprehensive information on their thymic developmental origin, tissue-specific distribution, and microbial regulatory networks, with a focus on analyzing the bidirectional regulatory mechanisms in diseases. In infectious diseases, MAIT cells eliminate pathogens through the rapid release of cytokines; however, sustained antigen exposure leads to functional exhaustion. In autoimmune diseases, their migration disorders and proinflammatory cytokine secretion of MAIT cells exacerbate tissue damage. In the tumor microenvironment, they play a paradoxical role, being capable of mediating antitumor effects while also being reprogrammed into a protumor phenotype. Based on their tissue targeting ability and functional plasticity, we discuss novel strategies for targeted therapy, including engineering chimeric antigen receptor–MAIT cells to enhance tumor killing, blocking exhaustion pathways to reverse functional impairment, and regulating the microbiota–metabolic axis to reprogram cell activity. This review integrates cutting-edge evidence, reveals the translational potential of MAIT cells as a cross-disease regulatory hub, and provides a theoretical framework for precision immunotherapy.

Keywords

autoimmune disease / cancer / immunotherapy / infectious disease / MAIT cells / MR1 / unconventional T cells

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