The mechanical properties and durability of concrete in high-altitude regions are adversely affected by unfavorable climatic conditions, including low air pressure, low humidity, low temperatures, large temperature differences, and strong winds. These conditions accelerate the moisture evaporation, deteriorate the air-void structure, delay strength development, and increase the risk of surface cracking and scaling in concrete. We conduct a detailed review of the influencing factors, extent, and mechanisms involved, clarifying the performance of concrete at high altitudes. Furthermore, the validity of research methodologies reported in the literature is discussed, highlighting errors caused by variations in air pressures and the use of inappropriate test methods. Finally, various research outcomes are summarized, and the future research directions are suggested. The review indicates that the surface layer of concrete structures is the most severely affected, exhibiting numerous quality issues at early ages. The mechanism of superficial cracking should be re-evaluated based on an overall isotropy model that accounts for localized anisotropy. Additionally, vacuum saturation tests conducted at different altitudes lead to varying degrees of water absorption, introducing significant errors in the test results for concrete impermeability.
| [1] |
Zhou C H, Cheng W M, Qian J K, et al.. Research on the Classification System of Digital Land Geomorphology of 1: 1 000 000 in China. J. Geo-info. Sci., 2009, 11(06): 707-724. [J].
|
| [2] |
Long X J, Li X J. Mountain Altitude Classification Indexes Adjustment Based on Multi-Source Data in China. Geograph. Sci., 2017, 37(10): 1 577-1 584. [J].
|
| [3] |
Zou F L, Hu Q W, Liu, et al.. Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Analysis of Ecological Environmental Quality along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Using Google Earth Engine-A Case Study Covering Xining to Jianghe Stations. Remote Sensing, 2024, 16(6): 951. J].
|
| [4] |
Ji C C, Yang H C, Pei X J, et al.. Dynamic Integrated Ecological Assessment along the Corridor of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway. Land, 2024, 13(6): 857. J].
|
| [5] |
Lu C F, Cai C X. Challenges and Countermeasures for Construction Safety during the Sichuan-Tibet Railway Project. Engineering, 2019, 5(5): 833-838. J].
|
| [6] |
Wang W D, Li J Y, Han Z. Comprehensive Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety along Railway Engineering Using a Novel Method: A Case Study of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, China. Geom. Nat. Haz. Risk, 2020, 11(1): 1-21. J].
|
| [7] |
Gong Y F, Yao A J, Li Y L, et al.. Classification and Distribution of Large-Scale High-Position Landslides in Southeastern Edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Environ. Earth Sci., 2022, 81(11): 311. J].
|
| [8] |
Yan Y, Hu S, Zhou K L, et al.. Hazard Characteristics and Causes of the “7.22” 2021 Debris Flow in Shenshuicao Gully, Qilian Mountains, NW China. Landslides, 2023, 20(1): 111-125. J].
|
| [9] |
Peng J B, Cui P, Zhuang J Q. Challenges to Engineering Geology in Sichuan-Tibet Railway. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng., 2020, 39(12): 2 377-2 389. [J].
|
| [10] |
Li L G, Li Z G, Sun C, et al.. Three-Dimensional Fault Model and Activity in the Arc-Shaped Tectonic Belt in the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Frontiers Earth Sci., 2022, 10: 893 558. J].
|
| [11] |
Kang Y S, Geng Z, Liu Q S, et al.. Research Progress on Support Technology and Methods for Soft Rock with Large Deformation Hazards in China. Rock Soil Mechanics, 2022, 43(08): 2 035-2 059. [J].
|
| [12] |
Li C C, Zhao T B, Zhang Y B, et al.. A Study on the Energy Sources and the Role of the Surrounding Rock Mass in Strain Burst. Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci., 2022, 154: 105 114. J].
|
| [13] |
Zhang W, Xu M, Wu S. Study on the Genetic Mechanism of High-Temperature Geothermal System and Its Engineering Impact in the Woka Graben, Tibet. Frontiers Earth Sci., 2022, 10: 895 884. J].
|
| [14] |
Zhang C C, Li X Q, Ma J F, et al.. Characteristics and Potential Evaluation of Geothermal Resources in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. Acta Geo. Sin., 2023, 97(08): 2 728-2 741. [J].
|
| [15] |
Wang Q L, Wang M N, Yuan Y, et al.. Thermomechanical Behavior of Tunnel Linings in the Geothermal Environment: Field Tests and Analytical Study. Tunnel. Undergr. Space Tech., 2023, 137: 105 109. J].
|
| [16] |
Chen X S, Quan Z X, Chen Y F, et al.. Primary Challenges and Developmental Trends of Tunnel Construction in Extreme Environments. Tunnel Constr., 2024, 44(03): 401-432. [J].
|
| [17] |
Tu G X, Deng H. Unloading Depth of Rock Masses and Its Relations with River Downcutting in Deep Valleys in Southwest China. Eng. Geo., 2021, 288: 106 161. J].
|
| [18] |
Peng Y, Zhao Q H, Han G, et al.. Deep-Seated Rock Fracture of Valley Slopes in China: A Review. J. Mount. Sci., 2023, 20: 1 984-2 002. J].
|
| [19] |
Yu F, Qi J L, Yao X L, et al.. In-Situ Monitoring of Settlement at Different Layers under Embankments in Permafrost Regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Eng. Geo., 2013, 160: 44-53. J].
|
| [20] |
You Y H, Wang J C, Wu Q B, et al.. Causes of Pile Foundation Failure in Permafrost Regions: The Case Study of a Dry Bridge of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Eng. Geo., 2017, 230: 95-103. J].
|
| [21] |
Chang Y, Lyu S H, Luo S Q, et al.. Estimation of Permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau under Current and Future Climate Conditions Using the CMIP5 Data. Int. J. Clim., 2018, 38(15): 5 659-5 676. J].
|
| [22] |
Li Y, Liu Y Q, Chen J, et al.. Advances in Retrogressive Thaw Slump Research in Permafrost Regions. Perm. Perigl. Proc., 2024, 35(2): 125-142. J].
|
| [23] |
Zheng M P. Resources and Eco-environmental Protection of Salt Lakes in China. Environ. Earth Sci., 2011, 64(6): 1 537-1 546. J].
|
| [24] |
Li Q K, Fan Q S, Wang J P, et al.. Hydrochemistry, Distribution and Formation of Lithium-Rich Brines in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Minerals, 2019, 9(9): 528. J].
|
| [25] |
Zhang A. Research on Magnesium Chloride Corrosion of Cement Mortar and Modification Mechanism of Nano SiO2/Al2O3in Plateau Environment, 2021. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology. [D].
|
| [26] |
Zhu A A, Zhang X, Yang R, et al.. The Deterioration Mechanisms of Hardened Cement Paste Exposed to Combined Action of Cyclic Wetting-Drying, Salt Attack and Carbonation. Constr. Build. Mater., 2023, 366: 130 148. J].
|
| [27] |
Liu X, Chen X, Tian B, et al.. Cement Concrete Properties under Low Atmospheric Pressures-A Short Review. J. Chin. Ceramic Soc., 2021, 49(08): 1 743-1 752. [J].
|
| [28] |
Tian B, Li L H, Ge Y, et al.. Plateau Concrete, 2023. Beijing, China Communication Press
|
| [29] |
Ge X. The Research on Effect of Plateau Climatic Conditions on Concrete Performance and Cracking Mechanism, 2019. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology
|
| [30] |
Chen X. Research on Structures Properties and Anti-Cracking-Enhancement Technologies of Cover Concrete of Bridge Pier at High Altitudes, 2024. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology
|
| [31] |
Wang J S, Yao Y B, Wang Y, et al.. Meteorological Droughts in the Qinghai-Tibet: Research Progress and Prospects. Adv. Earth Sci., 2022, 37(05): 441-461. [J].
|
| [32] |
Liu Y J, Pan T. Spatial Simulation of China’s Land Surface Solar Radiation Resources. J. Nat. Res., 2012, 27(08): 1 392-1 403. [J].
|
| [33] |
Tian R X, Kang Y X, Zhang W B, et al.. The Role of Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Circulation in the Seasonal Temperature Changes of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J. Zhejiang Univ. (Sci. Edi.), 2017, 44(01): 84-96. [J].
|
| [34] |
Zhang K C, Qu J J, Liao K T, et al.. Damage by Wind-Blown Sand and Its Control along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China. Aeol. Res., 2010, 1(3–4): 143-146. J].
|
| [35] |
Yao Z Y, Li X Y, Xiao J H. Characteristics of Daily Extreme Wind Gusts on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. J. Arid Land., 2018, 10: 673-685. J].
|
| [36] |
Hisatake K, Tanka S, Aizawaa Y. Evaporation Rate of Water in a Vessel. J. Appl. Phys., 1993, 73(11): 7 395-7 401. J].
|
| [37] |
Bakhshi M, Mobasher B, Soranakom C. Moisture Loss Characteristics of Cement-Based Materials under Early-Age Drying and Shrinkage Conditions. Constr. Build. Mater., 2012, 30: 413-425. J].
|
| [38] |
Bakhshi M, Mobasher B. Experimental Observations of Early-Age Drying of Portland Cement Paste under Low-Pressure Conditions. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2011, 33: 474-484. J].
|
| [39] |
Hisatake K, Fukuda M, Kimura J, et al.. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Evaporation of Water in a Vessel. J. Appl. Phys., 1995, 77(12): 6 664-6 674. J].
|
| [40] |
Šelih J, Bremner T W. Drying of Saturated Lightweight Concrete: An Experimental Investigation. Mater. Struct., 1996, 29(7): 401-405. J].
|
| [41] |
Garrabrants A C, Kosson D S. Modeling Moisture Transport from a Portland Cement-Based Material during Storage in Reactive and Inert Atmospheres. Drying Tech., 2003, 21(5): 775-805. J].
|
| [42] |
Azenha M, Maekawa K, Ishida T, et al.. Drying Induced Moisture Losses from Mortar to the Environment. Part I- Experimental Research. Mater. Struct., 2007, 40(8): 801-811. J].
|
| [43] |
Wang J H. Test and Simulation of Concrete Surface Factor under Different Wind Speeds. Constr. Build. Mater., 2021, 300: 124 019. J].
|
| [44] |
Wang J H, Xie Y J, Zhong X H, et al.. Drying Characteristics of Concrete under Surface Low Air Pressure. Drying Tech., 2022, 41(8): 1 252-1 267. J].
|
| [45] |
Shi Y, Yang H Q, Zhou S H, et al.. Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on Performance of AEA and Air Entraining Concrete. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 2018: 6 528 412. J].
|
| [46] |
Li L H, Chen X, Tian B, et al.. Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on Air-Entraining Performance of Air-Entraining Agent of Concrete. J. Build. Mater., 2021, 24(04): 866-873. [J].
|
| [47] |
Liu X, Chen X, Li L H, et al.. Characterization of Pore Structure of Cement-Based Materials Produced in Negative Pressure. J. Harbin Inst. Tech., 2021, 53(09): 26-33. [J].
|
| [48] |
Li X F, Fu Z, Luo Z. Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Air Void Parameters of Concrete. Mag. Concr. Res., 2015, 67(8): 391-400. J].
|
| [49] |
Li X F, Fu Z. Effect of Low-Pressure of Environment on Air Content and Bubble Stability of Concrete. J. Chin. Ceramic Soc., 2015, 43(08): 1 076-1 082. [J].
|
| [50] |
Wang Q Y, Ma J H, Song Z G, et al.. A Novel Approach for Modifying Air-Voids in Concrete by Short-Term Low-Air Pressure Intervention. J. Mater. Res. Tech., 2024, 30: 1 194-1 206. J].
|
| [51] |
Liu X. Effect of Low Atmospheric Pressure on Air Entraining Effectiveness and Pore Structure of Concrete, 2021. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology
|
| [52] |
Chen X, Liu X, Li L H, et al.. Hydration and Pore Structure of NonAir-Entrained Cement-Based Materials Prepared under Low Air Pressure. Mater. Rep., 2022, 36(12): 82-90. [J].
|
| [53] |
Chen X, Liu X, Tian B, et al.. Effect of Low Atmospheric Pressure on Air Entrainment in Cement-Based Materials: An On-Site Experimental Study at Different Elevations. Materials, 2020, 13(18): 3 975. J].
|
| [54] |
Chen H X, Wang T, He R, et al.. Effect of Complex Climatic Environment on Pore Structure and Mechanical Properties of Concrete. J. Chang’an Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2020, 40(02): 30-37. [J].
|
| [55] |
He R, Wang T, Chen H X, et al.. Impact of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau’s Climate on Strength and Permeability of Concrete. Chi. J. Highw. Transp., 2020, 33(07): 29-41. [J].
|
| [56] |
Li X F, Yang P Y. Effect of Low Atmospheric Pressure on Bubble Stability of Air-Entrained Concrete[J]. Adv. Civil Eng., 2021: 5 533 437
|
| [57] |
Li Y, Wang Z D, Wang L. The Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Pore Structure of Air-Entrained Concrete. J. Wuhan Univ. Tech.-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2019, 34(6): 1 365-1 370. J].
|
| [58] |
Li Y, Wang Z D, Wang L. Influence of Low Atmospheric Pressure on Fluidity and Pore Size of Cement Paste. Rom. J. Mater., 2019, 49(1): 88-94. [J].
|
| [59] |
Liu X, Chen X, Li H B, et al.. Air-Void Characteristics and Freeze-Thaw Cycling Resistance of Air-Entrained Concrete under Low Atmospheric Pressure of Highland Regions. J. Build. Eng., 2025, 106: 112 629. J].
|
| [60] |
Zeng X H, Lan X L, Zhu H S, et al.. Investigation on Air-Voids Structure and Compressive Strength of Concrete at Low Atmospheric Pressure. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2021, 122: 104 139. J].
|
| [61] |
Lan X L, Zeng X H, Zhu H S, et al.. Experimental Investigation on Fractal Characteristics of Pores in Air-Entrained Concrete at Low Atmospheric Pressure. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2022, 130: 104 509. J].
|
| [62] |
Lan X L, Zhu H S, Zeng X H, et al.. How Nano-Bubble Water and Nano-Silica Affect the Air-Voids Characteristics and Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Air-Entrained Cementitious Materials at Low Atmospheric Pressure[J]?. J. Build. Eng., 2023, 69: 106 179.
|
| [63] |
Lan X L, Zeng X H, Zhu H S, et al.. Surface Tension of Cementitious Pore Solution at Low Atmospheric Pressure: An Experimental Exploration. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2024, 145: 105 309. J].
|
| [64] |
Rice O K. The Effect of Pressure on Surface Tension. J. Chem. Phys., 1947, 15(5): 333-335. J].
|
| [65] |
Yan C M, Hu J H. Relation between the Surface Tension and the Pressure. Acta Chim. Sin., 1964, 30(01): 1-9. [J].
|
| [66] |
Lemlich R. Prediction of Changes in Bubble Size Distribution due to Interbubble Gas Diffusion in Foam. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund., 1978, 17: 89-93. J].
|
| [67] |
Huang Z D, Su M, Yang Q, et al.. A General Patterning Approach by Manipulating the Evolution of Two-Dimensional Liquid Foams. Nat. Comm., 2017, 8: 14 110. J].
|
| [68] |
Cen G P, Hong G, Wang J H, et al.. Factors Influencing Air Content of Pavement Concrete for Plateau Airport and Its Control Measures. Constr. Tech., 2012, 41(377): 33-35. [J].
|
| [69] |
Xie Y J, Zhong X H, Zhu C H, et al.. Durability of HPC for Bridge and Tunnel Structure on Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Chi. Railw. Sci., 2003, 24(01): 108-112. [J].
|
| [70] |
Chen Z, Chen B, Zheng J L, et al.. Methodology on Evaluating the Compactness of Core Concrete in CFST Serving under Low Atmospheric Pressure over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chi. Civil Eng. J., 2021, 54(08): 1-13. [J].
|
| [71] |
Liu Z Z, Lou B W, Sha A M, et al.. Microstructure Characterization of Portland Cement Pastes Influenced by Lower Curing Pressures. Constr. Build. Mater., 2019, 227: 116 636. J].
|
| [72] |
Chang H L, Wang X L, Wang Y F, et al.. Influence of Low Vacuum Condition on Mechanical Performance and Microstructure of Hardened Cement Paste at Early Age. Constr. Build. Mater., 2022, 346: 128 358. J].
|
| [73] |
Zuo S H, Yuan Q, Huang T J, et al.. Microstructural Changes of Young Cement Paste due to Moisture Transfer at Low Air Pressures. Cem. Concr. Res., 2023, 164: 107 061. J].
|
| [74] |
Cullingford H S, Keller M D, Higgins R W. Compressive Strength and Outgassing Characteristics of Concrete for Large Vacuum-System Construction. J. Vac. Sci. Tech., 1982, 20(4): 1 043-1 047. J].
|
| [75] |
Horiguchi T, Saeki N, Yoneda T, et al.. Behavior of Simulated Lunar Cement Mortar in Vacuum Environment. Space, 1998, 98: 571-576. [J].
|
| [76] |
Wu Z W, Lian H Z. High Performance Concrete, 1999. Beijing, China Railway Press
|
| [77] |
Wu Z W. An Approach to the Recent Trends of Concrete Science and Technology. J. Chin. Ceramic Soc., 1979, 7(03): 262-270. [J].
|
| [78] |
Ge X, Ge Y, Du Y B, et al.. Effect of Low Air Pressure on Mechanical Properties and Shrinkage of Concrete. Mag. Con. Res., 2018, 70(18): 919-927. J].
|
| [79] |
Ge X, Ge Y, Du Y B, et al. Mechanical Properties of Concrete under Plateau Climate Condition[J]. Concrete, 2020(03): 1–4, 8
|
| [80] |
Ge X, Ge Y, Li Q F, et al.. Effect of Low Air Pressure on the Durability of Concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 187: 830-838. J].
|
| [81] |
Zhang A, Yang W C, Ge Y, et al.. Effect of Nanomaterials on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cement Mortar under Low Air Pressure Curing. Constr. Build. Mater., 2020, 249: 118 787. J].
|
| [82] |
Ma X F. Effect of Low Humidity and Low Atmospheric Pressure on the Properties of Concrete, 2016. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology
|
| [83] |
Chen X, Liu X, Dong S H, et al.. Cement Hydration and Pore Structure Development in Low Air Pressure and Low Humidity. J. Xi’an Univ. Arch. Tech. (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2021, 53(02): 738-741. [J].
|
| [84] |
Lin H W, Han Y F, Liang S M, et al.. Effects of Low Temperatures and Cryogenic Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Concrete Mechanical Properties: A Literature Review. Constr. Build. Mater., 2022, 345: 128 287. J].
|
| [85] |
Hu Y B, Miao G Y, Xiong Y. Mechanical Properties and Hydration Characteristics of Concrete Subject to Subzero Temperature Condition. J. Build. Mater., 2017, 20(06): 975-980. [J].
|
| [86] |
Na Q C. Influence of Plateau Environment and Curing Condition on Properties of Concrete[J]. Chin. Concr. Cem. Prod., 2016(01): 10–13
|
| [87] |
Hu Y B, Cao R P. Difference of Internal and External Structural Properties of Concrete in the Plateau Area. Bul. Chin. Ceramic Soc., 2017, 36(S1): 213-218. [J].
|
| [88] |
Chen X, Liu X, Feng Y R, et al.. Microstructures and Properties of Concrete Surfaces under Different Exposure Conditions in Complex Natural Environments of High-Altitude Regions. J. Build. Eng., 2023, 72: 106 663. J].
|
| [89] |
Chen X, Cui A Q, Zheng H T, et al.. Micro-Structure and Macro-Performance: Surface Layer Evolution of Concrete under Long-Term Exposure in Harsh Plateau Climate. J. Wuhan Univ. Tech.-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2024, 39(6): 1 496-1 506. J].
|
| [90] |
Zhang D G. Effect of Aggregate on Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Thermal Shock Cracking of Concrete, 2019. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology
|
| [91] |
Du Y B. Research on Thermal Properties and Thermal Fatigue of Cement-Based Materials, 2022. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology
|
| [92] |
Wang H X, Long G C, Tang Z, et al.. The Volume Stability of Cement-Based Materials under Different Extreme Environments in the Plateau: Experimental Evolution. J. Build. Eng., 2022, 62: 105 370. J].
|
| [93] |
Wang H X, Long G C, Xie Y J, et al.. Effects of Intense Ultraviolet Irradiation on Drying Shrinkage and Microstructural Characteristics of Cement Mortar. Constr. Build. Mater., 2022, 347: 128 513. J].
|
| [94] |
Asamoto S, Ohtsuka A, Kuwahara Y, et al.. Study on Effects of Solar Radiation and Rain on Shrinkage, Shrinkage Cracking and Creep of Concrete. Cem. Concr. Res., 2011, 41(6): 590-601. J].
|
| [95] |
Dutt A J, Roy S K, Chew M Y L. Effects of Wind Flow on Freshly Poured Concrete. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 1992, 44(1–3): 2 629-2 630. J].
|
| [96] |
Kayondo M, Combrinck R, Boshoff W P. State-of-the-Art Review on Plastic Cracking of Concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 2019, 225: 886-899. J].
|
| [97] |
Boshoff W, Mechtcherine V, Snoeck D, et al.. The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on the Mitigation of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Conventional Concrete, Results of an Inter-Laboratory Test by RILEM TC 260-RSC. Mater. Struct., 2020, 53: 79. J].
|
| [98] |
Li Y, Shen A Q, Guo Y C. Effect of the Addition of Basalt Fiber on Life-Cycle Anti-Cracking Behavior of Concrete. Archiv. Civil Mech. Eng., 2023, 23: 92. J].
|
| [99] |
Huo J Y, Wang Z J, Zhang T H, et al.. The Evolution of Early-Age Cracking of Cement Paste Cured in Low Air Pressure Environment. J. Build. Eng., 2022, 52: 104 489. J].
|
| [100] |
Miao Y C, Lu Z Y, Wang F J, et al.. Shrinkage Cracking Evolvement in Concrete Cured under Low Relative Humidity and Its Relationship with Mechanical Development. J. Build. Eng., 2023, 72: 106 670. J].
|
| [101] |
Hanaor A, Christoforou C A. Modelling of Thermal Cracking Effects in a Two-Phase Concrete-Like Solid- A Parametric Investigation. Cem. Concr. Res., 1986, 16: 823-834. J].
|
| [102] |
Al-Tayyib A J, Baluch M H, Sharif A-F M, et al.. The Effect of Thermal Cycling on the Durability of Concrete Made from Local Materials in the Arabian Gulf Countries. Cem. Concr. Res., 1989, 19: 131-142. J].
|
| [103] |
Vanecanin S D. A Discussion of the Paper “The Effect of Thermal Cycling on the Durability of Concrete Made from Local Materials in the Arabian Gulf Counties” by A.J. Al-Tayyib, M.H. Baluch, Al-Farabi M. Sharif and M.M. Mahamud. Cem. Concr. Res., 1990, 20: 319-320. J].
|
| [104] |
Wang S H, Shui Z H, Xuan D X. Investigation on Surface Cracking Damage of Concrete under Big Temperature Difference[J]. J. South- east Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2006, (S2): 122–125
|
| [105] |
Guo X X, An M Z, Wang Y, et al.. Simulation on Temperature Response and Damage of Concrete under Large Temperature Difference Cycling. J. Build. Mater., 2023, 26(08): 845-852. [J].
|
| [106] |
Dong H L, Li H J, Shi H N, et al.. Cracking Mechanism of Bridge Piers Concrete under Large Temperature Variation in Plateau Region. J. Chin. Ceramic Soc., 2024, 52(11): 3 394-3 407. [J].
|
| [107] |
Hao Y H, Feng Y J, Fan J C. Experimental Study into Erosion Damage Mechanism of Concrete Materials in a Wind-Blown Sand Environment. Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 111: 662-670. J].
|
| [108] |
Zhang K, Ni H D, Tian J J, et al.. Study of Erosion Wear to Concrete by Different Gravel Particle Sizes: Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation. Case Stud. Constr. Mat., 2024, 20: e02 893. [J].
|
| [109] |
Xue H J, Shen X D, Liu Q, et al.. Analysis of the Damage of the Aeolian Sand Concrete Surface Caused by Wind-Sand Erosion. J. Adv. Concr. Tech., 2017, 15(12): 724-737. J].
|
| [110] |
Cui X N, Wang Q C, Li S, et al.. Deep Learning for Intelligent Identification of Concrete Wind-Erosion Damage. Autom. Constr., 2022, 141: 104 427. J].
|
| [111] |
Liu T J, Zhang M, Zou D J, et al.. Analysis and Zonation of Freeze-Thaw Action in the Chinese Plateau Region Considering Spatiotemporal Climate Characteristics. Engineering, 2024, 42: 308-325. J].
|
| [112] |
Qin Y H, Ma H Y, Zhang L L, et al.. Quantification of the Concrete Freeze-Thaw Environment Across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Machine Learning Algorithms. J. Mount. Sci., 2024, 21(1): 322-334. J].
|
| [113] |
He R, Yang Z, Gan V J L, et al.. Mechanism of Nano-Silica to Enhance the Robustness and Durability of Concrete in Low Air Pressure for Sustainable Civil Infrastructures. J. Clean. Prod., 2021, 321: 128 783. J].
|
| [114] |
Zhang R L, Long Z F, Long G C, et al.. Mechanism of Graphene Oxide Concrete Macro-Micro Properties Evolution under Large Temperature Difference Freeze-Thaw Action. Constr. Build. Mater., 2024, 415: 135 019. J].
|
| [115] |
Duan M H, Qin Y, Li Y, et al.. Mechanical Properties and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Networks of Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Reinforced Concrete Cured Outdoors. Structures, 2023, 56: 104 954. J].
|
| [116] |
Duan M H, Qin Y, Li Y, et al.. Durability and Damage Model of Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Freeze-Thaw and Erosion. Constr. Build. Mater., 2023, 394: 132 238. J].
|
| [117] |
Zhang A, Ge Y, Wang G Z, et al.. New Insights of MgCl2 Attack to Cement Mortar in the Condition of Low Air Pressure. Constr. Build. Mater., 2022, 357: 129 419. J].
|
| [118] |
Zhang A, Ge Y, Wang G Z. Evaluating the Use of Nano-SiO2/Al2O3 to Mitigate Damage in Cement Mortar Exposed to Magnesium Chloride Solution under Different Conditions. Constr. Build. Mater., 2023, 392: 131 965. J].
|
| [119] |
Zhang A, Ge Y, Du S, et al.. Durability Effect of Nano-SiO2/Al2O3 on Cement Mortar Subjected to Sulfate Attack under Different Environments. J. Build. Eng., 2023, 64: 105 642. J].
|
| [120] |
Wu M, Zhang Y S, Liu Z Y, et al.. Research Progress on Thaumasite Form of Sulfate Attack in Cement-Based Materials. J. Chin. Ceramic Soc., 2022, 50(08): 2 270-2 283. [J].
|
| [121] |
Yang Z H, Zhang W K, Zhu H M, et al.. Thaumasite Form of Sulfate Attack in Ettringite Rich-Ternary Systems: Effects of Limestone Filler, Etching Solutions and Exposure Temperature. Develop. Build Environ., 2023, 15: 100 208. J].
|
| [122] |
Yu B T, Zhou H Q, Xia J Y, et al.. Study on the Sulfate Erosion Behavior of Cement-Based Materials with Different Water-to-Binder Ratios Containing Stone Powder in a Low-Temperature Saline Soil Area. KSCE J. Civil Eng., 2023, 27(9): 4 020-4 031. J].
|
| [123] |
Kim T K, Choi S J, Kim J H J, et al.. Performance Based Evaluation of Carbonation Resistance of Concrete According to Various Curing Conditions from Climate Change Effect. Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater., 2017, 11: 687-700. J].
|
| [124] |
Zou D J, Liu T J, Du C C, et al.. Influence of Wind Pressure on the Carbonation of Concrete. Materials, 2015, 8(8): 4 652-4 667. J].
|
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
Wuhan University of Technology and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, Part of Springer Nature
PDF
