Tough, Transparent, and Adhesive Supramolecular Hydrogels Enabled by Dense and Robust Hydrogen Networks

Abstract

We proposed a strategy using high-concentration tannic acid (TA) solutions to form robust and dense supramolecular networks in hydrogels, driven by the high osmotic pressure of the TA solution. The resulting hydrogels are both transparent and tough, with highly compacted networks. The hydrogels exhibit an ultimate tensile strength of approximately 4.55 MPa and a toughness of 160 MJ/m³. Additionally, the hydrogels adhere to a wide range of substrates, including metals, ceramics, glass, and even Teflon, with an adhesion strength of up to 42 kPa on Teflon plates. Given the biocompatibility and biodegradability of both PVA and TA, along with the hydrogels’ toughness, transparency, and adhesiveness, we anticipated broad applications in the biomedical field, such as in articular cartilage restoration, electronic skin, and wound dressings. Additionally, these hydrogels hold significant potential for applications in wearable technology and optoelectronic devices.

Keywords

PVA / supramolecular hydrogels / tough / transparent / adhesive

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