This article provided a preparation protocol for poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/modified epoxidized soybean oil (ECP)/nano-magnesium oxide(n-MgO) ternary composites and studied their mechanical and antibacterial properties. By means of an organic synthesis technique, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is chemically grafted to PLA to synthesize ESO chemically plastically modified PLA, abbreviated ECP. To fabricate PLA/ECP/n-MgO composite materials, ECP acts as a plasticizer and a compatibilizer simultaneously, and n-MgO acts as an enhancer. Then scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, universal tester, and antibacterial research were exploited to characterize the morphology, thermal resistance, mechanical properties, and antibacterial performance of PLA/ECP/n-MgO composites. The experimental results show that ECP acts as a plasticizer by causing heterogeneous nucleation, which increases PLA’s crystallinity. Evenly distributed n-MgO can greatly improve PLA’s antibacterial qualities. Furthermore, ECP and n-MgO work together to improve the positive aspects of PLA/ECP/n-MgO composites, with PLA/ECP/n-MgO 100/1/0.5 composites having the best overall properties. While improving the mechanical performance and toughness of PLA, this work offers a prospective approach and foundational database for the creation of multifunctional biodegradable composites.
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