The 304 austenitic stainless steel was processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature with 10, 20, and 30 rotations under a pressure of 3 GPa and a rotation speed of 1 r/min. The phase transformation and microstructural evolution of 304 stainless steel after HPT were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoindentation test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The experimental results show that HPT causes elongated nanocrystalline grains of 25 nm width along the torsion direction. After 10 turns of HPT, the deformation-induced martensitic transformation is completed and the hardness increases from 3 GPa to 8.5 GPa at the edge of the disc. However, a local reverse phase transformation from martensite to austenite is observed in the peripheral regions of the sample after 30 turns of HPT, leading to a higher volume fraction of austenite, and the hardness of the sample also decreases accordingly.
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