Lotus Stalk-derived Capacitive Carbon for Zinc-ion Hybrid Supercapacitors

Abstract

Carbonaceous cathode materials were prepared by a low-cost and facile molten salt carbonization of lotus stalks in molten carbonates at 850 °C for aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs). The lotus stalk-derived carbon by carbonization of one hour displayed excellent capacitive performance benefits from the comprehensive effect of hierarchically porous structure with large SSA, more mesopores, good electrical conductivity and high heteroatom doping. Coin-type ZHSCs deliver 164.4 F·g⁻¹ at 0.2 A·g⁻¹ and 70.0 F·g⁻¹ at 20 A·g⁻¹ with capacitance retention of 42.6% assembled with carbonic cathode and Zn@Zn₃(PO₄)₂ anode using 2 M ZnSO₄ solution as electrolyte. Moreover, coin-type ZHSCs deliver the maximum energy density of 65.0 Wh·kg⁻¹ at 168.7 W·kg⁻¹ and the maximum power density of 11.4 kW·kg⁻¹ at 12.7 Wh·kg⁻¹. Thanks to the multifunctional Zn₃(PO₄)₂ interphase as Zn²⁺-transfer ionic conductor and physical barrier. Moreover, coin-type ZHSCs exhibit outstanding recyclability with capacitance retention of 97.5% and coulombic efficiency of 100% after 10000 charge-discharge cycles at 1 A·g⁻¹.

Keywords

lotus stalks / molten salt carbonization / multifunctional Zn₃(PO₄)₂ interphase

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