Performance and Characterization of Fluidized Solidified Soil Prepared by Synergistic Cement and Phosphogypsum with Slag Powder-Fly Ash

Abstract

Fluidized solidified soil (FSS) is an innovative backfill material that offers benefits such as easy pumping and straightforward construction. This study examined how varying the water-soil ratio and the curing agent dosage affect the properties and microstructure of FSS. The strength development mechanism was investigated when composite solidification agents were used. The findings show that both the water-solid ratio and the curing agent dosage can affect the microstructure of FSS, thereby affecting its performance. When the water-solid ratio increases from 0.52 to 0.56, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and flexural strength of the FSS decrease by 34.1% and 39.3% after 28 d. Conversely, the curing agent dosage increasing from 10% to 30% will increase both UCS and flexural strength by 11.2 times and 11.1 times. As the curing age increases, the number of cracks at failure point in the FSS will increase and lead to a more complete failure. Numerous needle-like AFt, C-S-H gel, and C-(A)-S-H gel create a three-dimensional network by adhering to soil particles.

Keywords

fluidized solidified soil / water-solid ratio / curing agent dosage / maintenance age / microscopic analysis: mechanism of strength formation

References

[1] Song Q B, Li J H, Zeng X L. Minimizing the Increasing Solid Waste through Zero Waste Strategy[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 104: 199-210

[2] Wu P F, Zeng Q S, Liu X M, et al.. Synergistic Preparation of High-Performance Composite Blast Furnace Slag Powder from Multiple Industrial Solid Wastes: Performance Regulation and Optimization[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 411: 134 231

[3] Laasri F, Carrillo Garcia A, Latifi M, et al.. Reaction Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Phosphogypsum[J]. Waste Management, 2023, 171: 482-490

[4] Lao J C, Huang B T, Fang Y, et al.. Strain-Hardening Alkali-Activated Fly Ash/Slag Composites with Ultra-High Compressive Strength and Ultra-High Tensile Ductility[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2023, 165: 107 075

[5] Yong C L, Mo K H, Koting S. Phosphorus Slag in Supplementary Cementitious and Alkali Activated Materials: a Review on Activation Methods[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 352: 129 028

[6] Hemalatha T, Ramaswamy A. A Review on Fly Ash Characteristics-Towards Promoting High Volume Utilization in Developing Sustainable Concrete[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 147: 546-559

[7] Yang J, Zeng J Y, He X Y, et al.. Eco-friendly UHPC Prepared from High Volume Wet-Grinded Ultrafine GGBS Slurry[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 308: 125 057

[8] Shen J Y, Xiao J Z, Wen G X, et al.. Orthogonal Test of Alkali-Activated Slag Solidified Construction Spoil, Fluidity, Compressive Strength, Water Resistance and Carbon Emission[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434: 140 201

[9] Wu Y L, Yang J J, Chang R Q. The Design of Ternary All-Solid-Waste Binder for Solidified Soil and the Mechanical Properties, Mechanism and Environmental Benefits of CGF Solidified Soil[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 429: 139 439

[10] Gasser M S, Ismail Z H, Abu Elgoud E M, et al.. Alkali Treatment-Acid Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Phosphogypsum Fertilizer: Insight for Additional Resource of Valuable Components[J]. BMC Chemistry, 2022, 16(1): 1-10

[11] Wang Y R, Weng Y F, Chen B. Enhancing Compressive Strength of Phosphogypsum-Based Geopolymer Cement with Five Alkaline Activator Combinations[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024: 95 110 352

[12] Wan X, Ding J W, Mou C, et al.. Role of Bayer Red Mud and Phosphogypsum in Cement-Stabilized Dredged Soil with Different Water and Cement Contents[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 418: 135 396

[13] Zhang S, Liu J Y, Ding J W, et al.. Effect of Recycled Phosphogypsum and Calcium Aluminate Cement on the Strength Behavior Optimization of Cement-Treated Dredged Soil: a Co-Utilization of Solid Wastes[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2024, 353: 120 020

[14] Liu S, Zhang J S, Wang X L. Influence of Composition of Curing Agent and Sand Ratio of Engineering Excavated Soil on Mechanical Properties of Fluidized Solidified Soil[J]. Materials Science-Poland, 2023, 41(157-67

[15] Chen S J, Shao Y L, Zhang H C, et al.. Performance and Enhancing Mechanism of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Fluid-solidified Soil[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2024, 46(221-27(in Chinese)

[16] Shu B A, Chen W Z, Yang T Y, et al.. Study on Laboratory and Engineering Application of Multi Source Solid Waste Based Soft Soil Solidification Materials[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2022, 17: e01465

[17] Mazaheri A, Bayat A, Hosinzadeh F. Investigating the Effect of Alkali-Activated Slag on the Strength of Clay Soil[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2021, 14(23): 2 662

[18] Su Y H, Luo B, Luo Z D, et al.. Mechanical Characteristics and Solidification Mechanism of Slag/Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer and Cement Solidified Organic Clay: a Comparative Study[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 71: 106 459

[19] Fu Y, Xu J J, Luo Z B, et al.. Laboratory Study and Modeling of the Strength Evolution of Dredged Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2024, 24(404 024 034

[20] Du Y J, Yu B W, Liu K, et al.. Physical, Hydraulic, and Mechanical Properties of Clayey Soil Stabilized by Lightweight Alkali-Activated Slag Geopolymer[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2017, 29(204 016 217

[21] Gu Z, Hua S D, Zhao W X, et al.. Using Alkali-Activated Cementitious Materials to Solidify High Organic Matter Content Dredged Sludge as Roadbed Material[J]. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018, 2018: 1-10

[22] Liu Y, Lu H J, Liu M Y, et al.. Microanalytical Characterizations, Mechanical Strength and Water Resistance Performance of Solidified Dredged Sludge with Industrial Solid Waste and Architecture Residue Soil[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2022, 17: e01 492

[23] Li S C, Wang D X, Tang C Y, et al.. Optimization of Synergy between Cement, Slag, and Phosphogypsum for Marine Soft Clay Solidification[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 374: 130 902

[24] Zhong W J, Zhao Y W, Chen X M, et al.. Effect of Slag Composite Firming Agent on Mechanical Strength of Ready-Mixed Fluid Stabilized Soil[J]. New Building Materials, 2023, 50(346-50(in Chinese)

[25] Liu D R. Experimental Study on Cement-soil Fluid Filling Material in Loessland, 2024, Lanzhou, Lanzhou University of Technology[D]

[26] Wu J R, Xu X, Xiao S B, et al.. Experimental Study on the Strength Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Alkaline Magnesium Sulfate Cement Based Solidification Agent for Solidifying Silty Soil[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2024, 46(18-14(in Chinese)

[27] Zhang Z C, Omine K, Flemmy S O. Evaluation of the Improvement Effect of Cement-Stabilized Clays with Different Solidifying Agent Addition and Water Content[J]. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2022, 24(6): 2 291-2 302

[28] Guo X L, Li S Y. Effect of Curing Age on Tensile Properties of Fly Ash Based Engineered Geopolymer Composites(FA-EGC) by Uniaxial Tensile Test and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology -Materials Science Edition, 2023, 38(6): 1 319-1 325

[29] Zhou H Y, Wang X S, Hu X X, et al.. Analysis of Factors and Mechanisms Affecting the Strength Growth of Geopolymer Solidified Sludge[J]. Geotechnical Mechanics, 2021, 42(8): 2 089-2 098

[30] Zhang X F, Chen R M, Jian W B. Research on the Water Conversion Law and Solidification Mechanism of Cement-Slag-Fly Ash Solidified Mud[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2023, 31(1): 102-112

[31] Kou R T, Guo M Z, Han L, et al.. Recycling Sediment, Calcium Carbide Slag and Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag into Novel and Sustainable Cementitious Binder for Production of Eco-Friendly Mortar[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 305: 124 772

[32] Garcia-Lodeiro I, Goracci G, Dolado J S, et al.. Mineralogical and Microstructural Alterations in a Portland Cement Paste after an Accelerated Decalcification Process[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2021, 140: 106 312

[33] Dixit A, Du H J, Dang J T, et al.. Quaternary Blended Limestone-Calcined Clay Cement Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021, 123: 104 174

[34] Mohit M, Haftbaradaran H, Riahi H T. Investigating the Ternary Cement Containing Portland Cement, Ceramic Waste Powder, and Lime-stone[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 369: 130 596

[35] Sun R, Wang D M, Wang Y R, et al.. The Effects of Four Typical Activators on the Early Hydration of Sintering Flue Gas Desulphurisation Ash-Steel Slag-Cement Composite Cementitious Material[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2022, 131: 104 588

[36] Doleželová M, Scheinherrová L, Krejsová J, et al.. Effect of High Temperatures on Gypsum-Based Composites[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 168: 82-90

[37] Zhang C Y, Zhang Y, He Z L. Mechanical Characteristics and Mechanism of Collaborative Stabilization of River and Lake Mucky Soil by Slag and Phosphogypsum[J]. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2023: 1–16 (in Chinese)

[38] Du H H, Xu D, Li X, et al.. Application of Molten Iron Desulfurization Slag to Replace Steel Slag as an Alkaline Component in Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 377: 134 353

[39] Zhu C F, Tan H B, Du C, et al.. Enhancement of Ultra-Fine Slag on Compressive Strength of Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials: Towards Low Carbon Emissions[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 63: 105 475

[40] Abdi M R, Ghalandarzadeh A, Shafiei Chafi L. An Investigation into the Effects of Lime on Compressive and Shear Strength Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Clays[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2021, 13(4): 885-898

[41] Quennoz A, Scrivener K L. Hydration of C₃A-Gypsum Systems[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2012, 42(71 032-1 041

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Wuhan University of Technology and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, Part of Springer Nature