The Effect of Titanium Dioxide on the Crystallization Behavior of Silver Halides in Alkali Borosilicate Glasses

Abstract

Ag-doped alkali borosilicate glasses with different TiO₂ contents were prepared by the melting method. The viscosity-temperature curves of the glass samples were fitted using the MYEGA equation, and it was found that the viscosity of the glass showed a gradual decrease with the increase of TiO₂ content in the interval of the crystallization temperature of the glass. The results of XPS analysis show that TiO₂ mainly enters the glass network in the form of [TiO₄] before the heat treatment of the glass samples. In contrast, after the heat treatment, the contents of [TiO₄] and [TiO₅] in the glass decreased significantly, and the content of [TiO₆] increased, which led to the separation of TiO₂ from the glass network. The microhardness of glass shows the same pattern. Raman spectral analysis shows that the introduction of TiO₂ promotes phase separation in glass. The reduction of glass viscosity facilitates the movement of particles within the glass, while the creation of phase separation promotes heterogeneous nucleation of grains. FE-SEM analysis reveals that the silver halide grains in the heat-treated glass are dispersed in the matrix in a spherical shape, and the average size of the silver halide grains tends to increase with the increase of TiO₂ content.

Keywords

borosilicate glass / AgCl / TiO₂ / viscosity-temperature behavior / crystallization

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