Effect of Progressive Substitution of Cement and Lime by Powdered Shells Used as a Curing Agent for Dredged Soil in a Port Area

Abstract

This study aimed to address the challenges of solid waste utilization, cost reduction, and carbon reduction in the treatment of deep-dredged soil at Xuwei Port in Lianyungang city of China. Past research in this area was limited. Therefore, a curing agent made from powdered shells was used to solidify the dredged soil in situ. We employed laboratory orthogonal tests to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of the powdered shell-based curing agent. Data was collected by conducting experiments to assess the role of powdered shells in the curing process and to determine the optimal ratios of powdered shells to solidified soil for different purposes. The development of strength in solidified soil was studied in both seawater and pure water conditions. The study revealed that the strength of the solidified soil was influenced by the substitution rate of powdered shells and their interaction with cement. Higher cement content had a positive effect on strength. For high-strength solidified soil, the recommended ratio of wet soil: cement: lime: powdered shells were 100:16:4:4, while for low-strength solidified soil, the recommended ratio was 100:5.4:2.4:0.6. Seawater, under appropriate conditions, improved short-term strength by promoting the formation of expansive ettringite minerals that contributed to cementation and precipitation. These findings suggest that the combination of cement and powdered shells is synergistic, positively affecting the strength of solidified soil. The recommended ratios provide practical guidance for achieving desired strength levels while considering factors such as cost and carbon emissions. The role of seawater in enhancing short-term strength through crystal formation is noteworthy and can be advantageous for certain applications. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the potential of using a powdered shell-based curing agent for solidifying dredged soil in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner. The recommended ratios for different strength requirements offer valuable insights for practical applications in the field of soil treatment, contributing to sustainable and efficient solutions for soil management.

References

[1] Chen Y, Wang Y, Cheng X, et al.. Experimental Study of New Technologies Using in Situ Stabilization for Treating Dredger Fill in Coastal Reclamation Projects[J]. J. Hydraul. Eng., 2015, 46(S1): 64-69

[2] Wang H, Zheng X. Application of In-Situ Solidification Construction Technology for Shallow Surface Layer of Deep Layer Sludge[J]. Sichuan Archit., 2021, 41(02): 231-234

[3] Zhu W, Zhang C, Gao Y, et al.. Fundamental Mechanical Properties of Solidified Dredged Marine Sediment[J]. J. Zhejiang Univ., Eng. Sci., 2005, 12(10): 103-107

[4] Do T M, Kang G, Vu N, et al.. Development of a New Cementless Binder for Marine Dredged Soil Stabilization: Strength Behavior, Hydraulic Resistance Capacity, Microstructural Analysis, and Environmental Impact[J]. Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 186: 263-275

[5] Wani K M, Mir B A. Effect of Biological Cementation on the Mechanical Behavior of Dredged Soils with Emphasis on Microstructural Analysis[J]. Int. J. Geosynth. Ground Eng., 2019, 5(4): 32-37

[6] Asgari M R, Dezfuli A B, Bayat M. Experimental Study on Stabilization of a Low Plasticity Clayey Soil with Cement/Lime[J]. Arab. J. Geosci., 2015, 8(3): 1 439-1 452

[7] Zhang Y, Wang P, Sun G, et al.. Synthesis and Performance Characterization of a Low Adsorption Clay-Resistant Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2021, 36(3): 446-455

[8] Yi Y, Gu L, Liu S. Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Marine Soft Clay Stabilized by Lime-Activated Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag[J]. Appl. Clay Sci., 2015, 103: 71-76

[9] Harichane K, Ghrici M, Kenai S. Effect of the Combination of Lime and Natural Pozzolana on the Compaction and Strength of Soft Clayey Soils: A Preliminary Study[J]. Environ. Earth Sci., 2012, 66(8): 2 197-2 205

[10] Al-Swaidani A, Hammoud I, Meziab A. Effect of Adding Natural Pozzolana on Geotechnical Properties of Lime-Stabilized Clayey Soil[J]. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 2016, 8(5): 714-725

[11] Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M. A Comparison Study Between CaSO₄·2H₂O and Na₂SO₄ Effects on Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soils Stabilized with Mineral Additives: Recommendations for Adequate Mixtures as Materials for Road Pavements[J]. Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 2017, 13(1): 61-82

[12] Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M. Effect of Sodium Sulphate on the Shear Strength of Clayey Soils Stabilized with Additives[J]. Arab. J. Geosci., 2017, 10(10): 218-224

[13] Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M. Assessment of Sulphates’ Effect on pH and Pozzolanic Reactions of Soil-Lime-Natural Pozzolana Mixtures[J]. Int. J. Pavement Eng., 2017, 20(7): 761-774

[14] Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M. Effect of Sulphates and Curing Period on Stress-Strain Curves and Failure Modes of Soil-Lime-Natural Pozzolana Mixtures[J]. Mar. Georesources Geotechnol., 2019, 37(9): 1 130-1 148

[15] Deng Z, Wang W, Lu G, et al.. Effect of New Hardening Accelerator on the Strength of Segment Concrete[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2021, 36(3): 387-391

[16] Hastuty I P, Sembiring I S, Abidin M I. The Utilization of Volcanic Ash and High Husk Ash as Material Stabilization in Clay by Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR)[J]. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, 180(1): 1-6

[17] Modarres A, Nosoudy Y M. Clay Stabilization Using Coal Waste and Lime - Technical and Environmental Impacts[J]. Appl. Clay Sci., 2015, 116: 281-288

[18] Beckham T L, Hopkins T C. Stabilization of an Airport Subgrade Using Hydrated Lime and Fly Ash: Research Report, 1997, Lexington, Kentucky Transp. Cent., Coll. Eng., Univ. Kentucky

[19] Negi C, Yadav R K, Singhai A K. Effect of Silica Fume on Index Properties of Black Cotton Soil[J]. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol., 2013, 4(8): 828-832

[20] Ashango A A, Patra N R. Static and Cyclic Properties of Clay Subgrade Stabilized with Rice Husk Ash and Portland Slag Cement[J]. Int. J. Pavement Eng., 2014, 15(10): 906-916

[21] Manikandan A T, Moganraj M. Consolidation and Rebound Characteristics of Expansive Soil by Using Lime and Bagasse Ash[J]. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol., 2014, 3(4): 403-411

[22] Patil U, Valdes J R, Evans T M. Swell Mitigation with Granulated Tire Rubber[J]. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2011, 23(5): 721-727

[23] Nyankson E, Agyei-Tuffour B, Annan E, et al.. Characteristics of Stabilized Shrink-Swell Deposits Using Eggshell Powder[J]. Global J. Eng. Des. Technol., 2013, 2(3): 1-7

[24] Sabat A K, Bose B. Improvement in Geotechnical Properties of an Expansive Soil Using Fly Ash-Quarry Dust Mixes[J]. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., 2013, 18: 3 487-3 500

[25] Maliakal T, Thiyyakkandi S. Influence of Randomly Distributed Coir Fibers on Shear Strength of Clay[J]. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 2013, 31: 425-433

[26] Guo X, Wang S, Zhang H. Effects of Fiber Distribution and Content on the Performance of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) [J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2021, 36(4): 569-577

[27] Meziani B, Gadouri H. Swelling Suppression by Using Polypropylene Fibre as Reinforcement in Natural Pozzolana-Lime-Stabilised Expansive Grey Clayey Soil Artificially Contaminated by Sulphates: Multi-scale and Multidisciplinary Study[J]. Multiscale Multidiscip. Model. Exp. Des., 2023, 1: 1-28

[28] Maher M H, Ho Y C. Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Cemented Sand Under Static and Cyclic Loads[J]. Geotech. Test. J., 1993, 16(3): 330-338

[29] Wang H. The Current Situation and Research Progress of Resource Utilization of Waste Mollusk Shell[J]. J. Aquacult., 2021, 42(05): 15-19

[30] Choi S G, Park S S, Wang K. Early-Age Strength of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar Based on Burned Oyster Shell and Other Chemical Activators[J]. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2019, 31(9): 1-12

[31] Seo J H, Park S M, Yang B J, et al.. Calcined Oyster Powdered Shells as an Expansive Additive in Cement Mortar[J]. Materials, 2019, 12(8): 12-32

[32] Attah I C, Etim R K, Sani J E. Response of Ash-Blended Cement Concrete in Sulphuric Acid Environment[J]. Civ. Environ. Res., 2019, 11(4): 62-74

[33] Wang D, Zhao Q, Yang C, et al.. Study on Frost Resistance and Vegetation Performance of Seashell Waste Pervious Concrete in Cold Area[J]. Constr. Build Mater., 2020, 265(5): 120 758-120 769

[34] Wei W, Wang W, Ma K, et al.. Research Progress on the Application of Aquaculture Waste in Concrete[J]. China Build. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 30(05): 39-41

[35] Her S, Park T, Zalnezhad E, et al.. Synthesis and Characterization of Cement Clinker Using Recycled Pulverized Oyster and Scallop Shell as Limestone Substitutes[J]. J. Clean. Prod., 2020, 278(12): 987-991

[36] Arama Z A. Experimental and Numerical Study to Investigate the Usability of Walnut Shell Waste as an Additive for Foundations of High-way Embankments[J]. Arab. J. Geosci., 2021, 14(18): 1 874-1 889

[37] Kim T, Kim D, Jeon J, et al.. Improvement of Desalinization Performance in Reclaimed Land Through Recycling of Bottom Ash and Oyster Shells[J]. Paddy Water Environ., 2021, 19(3): 529-538

[38] Yang X. Microstructure and Mechanism Research on Cement-Stabilized Salt-Rich Clay, 2006, Shanghai, Tongji Univ.

[39] Ind. Stand. China. Specification for Mix Proportion Design of Cement, 2011

[40] ASTM. Standard Test Method for Determination of Copper Release Rate from Antifouling Coatings in Substitute Ocean Water, 2006

[41] Shao G, Yang W. Strength Characteristics of Cement-Soil in Saliferous and Acidic-Alkalescent Environment[J]. J. Nanjing For. Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed., 2007, 31(6): 4-9

[42] Ind. Stand. China. Technical Code for Ground Treatment of Buildings, 2012

[43] Tan Y, Ke R, Chen J, et al.. Enhancing Durability of Lime-Cement Solidified Sludge with Metakaolin[J]. Rock Mech Rock Eng., 2020, 41(04): 1 146-1 152

[44] Zhang W, Liu X, Li S, et al.. Analysis on Prediction of Solidifying Characteristics and Strength of Dredged Soil in Port-Vicinity Area of Tianjin[J]. Water Resour. Hydropower Eng., 2020, 51(4): 7-16

[45] Yang A, Wang T, Xu Z. Experimental Study on Lime and Its Additional Agent to Cure Tianjin Marine Soft Soil[J]. J. Eng. Geol., 2015, 23(05): 996-1 004

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Wuhan University of Technology and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, Part of Springer Nature