Fe Nanoparticles Synthesized by Pomegranate Leaves for Treatment of Malachite Green

Abstract

A green and convenient pathway of preparing iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) with pomegranate leaf (PG) extract for highly effective removal of malachite green (MG) was proposed under ambient conditions. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results show that their surfaces are capped and stabilized by PG extract with amorphous nature and without any detection of zero-valent iron. The size and surface valence state of FeNPs are the key factors that affect the MG removal efficiency. As the reagent volume ratio of PG extract to FeCl₃ increases greater than 1, the cross-linked FeNPs become more obvious, having a homogeneous distribution with the size range from 30 to 40 nm, and show an increasing ratio of Fe(II)/Fe(III), which is in proportion to the degradation efficiency of MG, reaching higher than 95% in only 2 min by using 50 mg Fe/L FeNPs and 200 mg/L MG.

Keywords

green synthesis / iron nanoparticles / pomegranate / leaf extract / malachite green

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