Preparation of Waste Coffee-grounds Carbon and Study on Phenol Adsorption Ability

Abstract

The waste coffee-grounds carbon (WCGC) was prepared with H₃PO₄ treated using waste coffee-grounds as precursor. Its adsorption ability was studied using phenol as test molecule. The influence of H₃PO₄ treated, calcined temperature, the initial phenol concentration, the doge of carbon and original pH values on phenol adsorption ability were investigated. Characterization of WCGC was performed by N₂ adsorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. First, the second order and Weber-Morris model reaction rate models were used to estimate the WCGC adsorption ability. The results show that the produced WCGC (700 °C, 2 h) has been graphitized and the layered structure increased BET surface to 435.98 m²/g and adsorption phenol ability. The initial phenol concentration is 50 mg/L, the amount of WCGC (700 °C, 2 h) is 0.2 g, and the phenol adsorption rate is 97% after 270 min and no intermediate product formation. The adsorption kinetics of the selected WCGC is best fitted by the Weber-Morris model.

Keywords

waste coffee-grounds carbon / phenol / adsorption ability / adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics

References

[1] Saha N C, Bhunia F, Kaviraj A. Toxicity of Phenol to Fish and Aquatic Ecosystems. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1999, 63(2): 195-202.

[2] Ahmed S, Rasul M G, Martens W N, et al. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenols in Wastewater: A Review on Current Status and Developments. Desalination, 2010, 261(1–2): 3-18.

[3] Magdalena Diak Marek, et al. Photoactivity of Decahedral TiO₂ Loaded with Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Degradation Pathway of Phenol-1-¹³C and Hydroxyl Radical Formation. Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 2017, 200: 56-71.

[4] Villegas L, Mashhadi N, Chen M, et al. A Short Review of Techniques for Phenol Removal from Wastewater. Current Pollution Reports, 2016, 2(3): 1-11.

[5] Serafin J, Baca M, Biegun M, et al. Direct Conversion of Biomass to Nanoporous Activated Biocarbons for High CO₂ Adsorption and Supercapacitor Applications. Applied Surface Science, 2019, 497: 143 722.

[6] Freitas A. Phenol Removal via Advanced Oxidative Processes (O₃/Photo-Fenton) and Chemometrics. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 2013, 2(6): 243-247.

[7] Vargas A, Cazetta A L, Kunita M H, et al. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Activated Carbon Produced from Flamboyant Pods (Delonix Regia): Study of Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetic Models. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 168(2): 722-730.

[8] Koen S, Mats D J, Iwona L, et al. Rapeseed and Raspberry Seed Cakes as Inexpensive Raw Materials in the Production of Activated Carbon by Physical Activation: Effect of Activation Conditions on Textural and Phenol Adsorption Characteristics. Materials, 2016, 9(7): 1-19.

[9] Efremenko I, Sheintuch M. Predicting Solute Adsorption on Activated Carbon: Phenol. Langmuir the Acs Journal of Surfaces & Colloids, 2006, 22(8): 3 614-3 621.

[10] Wang Z, Shen D, Wu C, et al. State-of-the-art on the Production and Application of Carbon Nanomaterials from Biomass. Green Chemistry, 2018, 20: 5 031-5 057.

[11] Benzigar Mercy R. Recent Advances in Functionalized Micro and Mesoporous Carbon Materials: Synthesis and Applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47: 2 680-2 721.

[12] Lee Y S, Thangavel R, Kaliyappan K, et al. Engineering the Pores of Biomass-Derived Carbon: Insights for Achieving Ultrahigh Stability at High Power in High-Energy Supercapacitors. Chemsuschem, 2017, 10: 2 805-2 815.

[13] Song S, Gu P, Chen Z, et al. Removal of U(VI) by Acid-Oxidized Biochar: Batch Experiments and Spectroscopy Study. Scientia Sinica Chimica, 2019, 49(1): 155-164.

[14] Gundogdu A, Duran C, Senturk H B, et al. Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution on a Low-Cost Activated Carbon Produced from Tea Industry Waste: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Study. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2012, 57(10): 2 733-2 743.

[15] Boonamnuayvitaya V, Sae-Ung S, Tanthapanichakoon W. Preparation of Activated Carbons from Coffee Residue for the Adsorption of Formaldehyde. Separ. Purif.Technol., 2005, 42(2): 159-168.

[16] Namane A, Mekarzia A, Benrachedi K, et al. Determination of the Adsorption Capacity of Activated Carbon Made from Coffee Grounds by Chemical Activation with ZnCl₂ and H₃PO₄. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005, 119(1–3): 189-194.

[17] Lessa E F, Nunes M L, Fajardo A R. Chitosan/Waste Coffee-Grounds Composite: An Efficient and Eco-friendly Adsorbent for Removal of Pharmaceutical Contaminants from Water. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 189: 257-266.

[18] Wan D, Wu L, Liu Y, et al. Enhanced Adsorption of Aqueous Tetracycline Hydrochloride on Renewable Porous Clay-Carbon Adsorbent Derived from Spent Bleaching Earth via Pyrolysis. Langmuir., 2019, 35(11): 3 925-3 936.

[19] Jie T, Li Z, Mu B, et al. Attapulgite/Carbon Composites as a Recyclable Adsorbent for Antibiotics Removal. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2018, 35: 1 650-1 661.

[20] Ugurlu M, Kula I, Karaoglu M H, et al. Adsorption of Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Olive Stone by ZnCl₂ Activation. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2010, 28(4): 547-557.

[21] Egle R, Francesco G, Giovanni M, et al. Activated Carbon from Spent Coffee Grounds: A Good Competitor of Commercial Carbons for Water Decontamination. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(16): 5 598

[22] Anirudhan T S, Sreekumari S S, Bringle C D. Removal of Phenols from Water and Petroleum Industry Refinery Effluents by Activated Carbon Obtained from Coconut Coir Pith. Adsorption-journal of the International Adsorption Society, 2009, 15(5–6): 439-451.

[23] Chen X, Sun H, Zhang J, et al. Synthesis of Visible Light Responsive Iodine-Doped Mesoporous TiO₂ by Using Biological Renewable Lignin as Template for Degradation of Toxic Organic Pollutants. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2019, 252: 152-163.

[24] Shaban Y A, Sayed M, Maradny A, et al. Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol in Natural Seawater Using Visible Light Active Carbon Modified (CM)-n-TiO₂ Nanoparticles under UV Light and Natural Sunlight Illuminations. Chemosphere, 2013, 91(3): 307-313.

[25] Bahrudin N N, Nawi M A. Fabrication of Immobilized Powdered Activated Carbon as Asub-Layer of TiO₂ for the Photocatalytic-Adsorptive Removal of Phenol. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 2017, 124: 153-169.

[26] Cheng G, Xu F, Xiong J, et al. Enhanced Adsorption and Photocatalysis Capability of Generally Synthesized TiO₂-carbon Materials Hybrids[J]. Advanced Powder Technology, 2016: 1 949–1 962

[27] Mohammed N A S, Abu-Zurayk R A, Hamadneh I, et al. Phenol Adsorption on Biochar Prepared from the Pine Fruit Shells: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamics Studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 226(15): 377-385.

[28] Luo Y, Li D, Chen Y, et al. The Performance of Phosphoric Acid in the Preparation of Activated Carbon-Containing Phosphorus Species from Rice Husk Residue. Journal of Materials Science, 2019, 54: 5 008-5 021.

[29] Puziy A M, Poddubnaya O I, Martnez-Alonso A, et al. Synthetic Carbons Activated with Phosphoric Acid: I. Surface Chemistry and Ion Binding Properties. Carbon, 2002, 40(9): 1 493-1 505.

[30] Xiancheng M, Liqing L, Ruofei C, et al. Porous Carbon Materials Based on Biomass for Acetone Adsorption: Effect of Surface Chemistry and Porous Structure. Applied Surface Science, 2018, 459: 657-664.

[31] Snoeyink V L, Weber W J, Mark H B. Sorption of Phenol and Nitrophenol by Active Carbon. Environmental Science Technology, 1969, 3(10): 918-926.

[32] Yousef R I, El-Eswed B, Al-Muhtaseb A H. Adsorption Characteristics of Natural Zeolites as Solid Adsorbents for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Thermodynamics Studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 171(3): 1 143-1 149.

[33] Mohammed N A S, Abu-Zurayk R A, Hamadneh I, et al. Phenol Adsorption on Biochar Prepared from the Pine Fruit Shells: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamics Studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 226(15): 377-385.