Fabrication of Rice Husk Ash/Natural Rubber Composites by the Latex Process

Abstract

Rice husk ash/natural rubber composites were fabricated by modifying rice husk ash with the rare earth coupling agent DN-8102. The structure of the rice husk ash and the morphological dispersion of the rice husk ash in a rubber matrix were charactered by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The mechanical properties of the composites were experimentally studied. The surface energy and the interaction between rice husk ash particles can be reduced by surface modification of rice husk ash with a rare earth coupling agent, which reduces the agglomeration of rice husk ash in both liquid and rubber matrices and enhances the interactions between rice husk ash and the rubber phase, and thus results in improved mechanical properties for the resulting rice husk ash/natural rubber composite. The modulus of the composites will increase as the loading level of modified rice husk ash increases. A maximum tensile strength of 25.96 MPa for the composites can be obtained when the modified rice husk ash loading level is 4%.

Keywords

natural rubber / rice husk ash / composite

References

[1] Mohamed RM, Radwan RM, Abdel-Aziz MM, et al. Electrical and Thermal Properties of γ-irradiated Nitrile Rubber/Rice Husk Ash Composites[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2010, 115: 1 495-1 502.

[2] Ismail H, Mohamad Z, Bakar AA. A Comparative Study on Processing, Mechanical Properties, Thermo-oxidative Aging, Water Absorption, and Morphology of Rice Husk Powder and Silica Fillers in Polystyrene/Styrene Butadiene Rubber Blends[J]. Polym.Plast.Technol. Eng., 2003, 42: 81-103.

[3] Ishak ZAM, Bakar AA. An Investigation on the Potential of Rice Husk Ash as Fillers for Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)[J]. Eur.Polym.J., 1995, 31(3): 259-269.

[4] Ishak ZAM, Bakar AA, Ishiaku US, et al. An Investigation of the Potential of Rice Husk Ash as a Filler for Epoxidized Natural Rubber—II. Fatigue Behavior[J]. Eur. Polym. J., 1997, 33(1): 73-79.

[5] Siriwardena S, Ismail H, Ishiaku US. Effect of Mixing Sequence in the Preparation of white Rice Husk Ash Filled Poly-propylene/Ethylenepropylenediene Monomer Blend[J]. Polym. Test, 2001, 20(1): 105-113.

[6] Siriwardena S, Ismail H, Ishiaku US. A Comparison of White Rice Husk Ash and Silica as Fillers in Ethylene-propylene-dieneTerpolymer Vulcanizates[J]. Polym. Int., 2000, 50(6): 707-713.

[7] Haxo HE, Mehta PK. Ground Rice Husk Ash as a Filler for Rubber[J]. Rubber Chem. Technol., 1975, 48(4): 271-288.

[8] Wanvimon A, Nuchanat NR, Garry LR. Application of Rice Husk Ash as Fillers in the Natural Rubber Industry[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2005, 98: 34-41.

[9] Da Costa HM, Visconte LLY, Nunes RCR, et al. Rice Husk Ash Filled Natural Rubber. I. Overall Rate Constant Determination for the Vulcanization Process from Rheometric Data[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2003, 87(8): 1 194-1 203.

[10] Da Costa HM, Visconte LLY, Nunes RCR, et al. Rice Husk Ash Filled Natural Rubber. II. Partial Replacement of Commercial Fillers and the Effect on the Vulcanization Process[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2003, 87(9): 1 405-1 413.

[11] Da Costa HM, Visconte LLY, Nunes RCR, et al. Rice Husk Ash Filled Natural Rubber. III. Role of Metal Oxides in Kinetics of Sulfur Vulcanization[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2003, 90(6): 1 519-1 531.

[12] Da Costa HM, Visconte LLY, Nunes RCR, et al. Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk Ash Filled Natural Rubber Compounds[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2002, 83(11): 2 331-2 346.

[13] Arayapranee W, Na-Ranong N, Rempel G. Application of Rice Husk Ash as Fillers in the Natural Rubber Industry[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2005, 98(1): 34-41.

[14] Sae-oui P, Rakdee C, Thanmathorn P. Use of Rice Husk Ash as Filler in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates: In Comparison with Other Commercial Fillers[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2002, 83(11): 2 485-2 493.

[15] Da Costa HM, Visconte LLY, Nunes RCR, et al. The Effect of Coupling Agent and Chemical Treatment on Rice Husk Ash-Filled Natural Rubber Composites[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2000, 76(7): 1 019-1 027.

[16] Da Costa HM, Ramos VD, Visconte LLY, et al. Design and Analysis of Single-factor Experiments: Analysis of Variance of the Effect of Rice Husk Ash and Commercial Fillers in NR Compounds[J]. Polym. Bull., 2007, 58(3): 597-610.

[17] Ismail H, Nasaruddin MN, Ishiaku US. White Rice Husk Ash Filled Natural Rubber Compounds: the Effect of Multifunctional Additive and Silane Coupling Agents[J]. Polym. Test., 1999, 18(4): 287-298.

[18] Sereda L, Visconte LLY, Nunes RCR, et al. Effect of Silica and Rice Husk Ash Fillers on the Modulus of Polysiloxane Networks[J]. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2003, 90(2): 421-429.

[19] Sereda L, Lopez-Gonzalez MM, Visconte LLY, et al. Influence of Silica and Black Rice Husk Ash Fillers on the Diffusivity and Solubility of Gases in Silicone Rubber[J]. Polymer, 2003, 44(10): 3 085-3 093.

[20] Chaudhary DS, Jollands MC. Characterization of Rice Hull Ash[J]. J. Appl.Polym. Sci., 2004, 93: 1-8.

[21] Da Costa HM, Visconte LLY, Nunes RCR, et al. Rice Husk Ash Filled Natural Rubber. III. Role of Metal Oxides in Kinetics of Sulfur Vulcanization[J]. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2003, 90: 1 519-1 531.

[22] Ou YD. Comparative Study on Rice Husk Ash and Silica Fume[J]. Concrete, 2003, 10: 34-35.

[23] Gao L, Sun J, Liu YQ. Nano Powder Dispersed and Surface Modification[M], 2003 Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.

[24] Yang N. Test Methods of Inorganic Nonmetal Material[M], 1989 Wuhan: Wuhan University of Industry Press.

[25] AO NJ. Structure and Property of Montmorillnate/Nature Rubber nano—Composite Prepared by Natural Rubber Fresh Latex[J]. J. Chinese Electron Microsc. Soc., 2006, 25(2): 135-137.