Effect of crystallographic orientation on quenching stress during martensitic phase transformation of carbon steel plate

Abstract

During quenching, the residual stresses are affected by the crystallographic orientation of martensite, because the nonuniform thermal stresses affect the crystallographic orientation of the lath-shaped martensite and induce the anisotropic expansion. To simulate this process, the model of anisotropic transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) was built using the WLR-BM phenomenological theory. The equivalent expansion coefficient was introduced considering the thermal and plastic strains, which simplified the numerical simulation. Furthermore, the quenching residual stresses in carbon steel plates were calculated using the finite element method under ANSYS Workbench simulation environment. To evaluate the simulative results, distributions of residual stresses from the surface to the interior at the center of specimen were measured using the layer-by-layer hole-drilling method. Compared to the measured results, the simulative results considering the anisotropic expansion induced by the crystallographic orientation of martenstic laths were found to be more accurate than those without considering it.

Keywords

residual stresses / martenstic transformation / crystallographic orientation / transformation induced plasticity / expansion coefficient

References

[1] Totten G, Howes M, Inoue T. Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel[M]. 2002 Ohio: ASM International.

[2] Denis S, Sjostrom S, Simon A. Coupled Temperature, Stress, Phase Transformation Calculation Model Numerical Illustration of the Internal Stresses Evolution during Cooling of a Eutectoid Carbon Steel Cylinder[J]. Metall. Trans. A, 1987, 18A: 1203-1212.

[3] Canale L D C, Totten G E. Overview of Distortion and Residual Stress due to Quench Processing, Part I: Factors Affecting Quench Distortion[J]. Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol., 2005, 24(1): 4-25.

[4] Grum J, Kek T, Zupancic M, et al. Measurement and Numerical Analysis of Surface Residual Stresses Occurring under Different Quenching Conditions[J]. Int. J. Microstruct. Mater. Prop., 2008, 3(1): 86-99.

[5] Hata T, Sumi N. Thermal Stress-Focusing Effect in a Transversely Isotropic Cylinder with Phase Transformation[J]. J. Therm. Stresses, 2012, 35(1-3): 269-280.

[6] Lingamanaik S N, Chen B K. Thermo-mechanical Modelling of Residual Stresses Induced by Martensitic Phase Transformation and Cooling During Quenching of Railway Wheels[J]. J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2011, 211(9): 1547-1552.

[7] Leblond J B, Devaux J, Devaux J C. Mathematical Modelling of Transformation Plasticity in Steels I: Case of Ideal-plastic Phases[J]. Int. J. Plasticity, 1989, 5(6): 551-572.

[8] Mackerle J. Finite Element Analysis and Simulation of Quenching and Other Heat Treatment Processes: A Bibliography (1976-2001)[J]. Comp. Mater. Sci., 2003, 27(3): 313-332.

[9] Arif A, Al-Omari A S, Yilbas B S, et al. Thermal Stress Analysis of Spiral Laser-welded Tube[J]. J. Mater. Process. Tech., 2011, 211(4): 675-687.

[10] Deng D, Murakawa H. Influence of Transformation Induced Plasticity on Simulated Results of Welding Residual Stress in Low Temperature Transformation Steel[J]. Comp. Mater. Sci., 2013, 78: 55-62.

[11] Zhao Y, Shi J, Cao W, et al. Effect of Direct Quenching on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium-carbon Nb-bearing Steel[J]. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A, 2010, 11(10): 776-781.

[12] Schayer G S. Measurement of Non-uniform Residual Stresses Using the Hole-drilling Method, Part I Stress Calculation Procedures[J]. J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1988, 110: 338-343.

[13] Schayer G S. Measurement of Non-uniform Residual Stresses Using the Hole-drilling Method, Part I Stress Calculation Procedures[J]. J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1988, 110: 344-349.

[14] ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gauge Method[S]. 2008

[15] Wechsler M S, Lieberman D S, Read T A. On the Theory of the Formation of Martensite[J]. Amer. Inst. Min.(Metall.), 1953, 197(11): 1503

[16] Bowles J S, Mackenzie J K. The Crystallography of Martensite Transformations I[J]. Acta Metall., 1954, 2(1): 129-137.

[17] Schastlivtsev V, Blind L, Rodionov D, et al. Structure of Martensite Packet in Construction Steels[J]. Yakovleva, Fizika Metallov I Metallovedenie, 1988, 66: 759-769.

[18] Morito S, Tanaka H, Konishi R, et al. The Morphology and Crystallography of Lath Martensite in Fe-C Alloys[J]. Acta Mater., 2003, 51(6): 1789-1799.

[19] Kinney C C, Pytlewski K R, Khachaturyan A G, et al. The Microstructure of Lath Martensite in Quenched 9Ni Steel[J]. Acta Mater., 2014, 69: 372-385.

[20] Morito S, Huang X, Furuhara T, et al. The Morphology and Crystallography of Lath Martensite in Alloy Steels[J]. Acta Mater., 2006, 54(19): 5323-5331.

[21] Hutchinson B, Hagström J, Karlsson O, et al. Microstructures and Hardness of As-quenched Martensites (0.1-0.5%C)[J]. Acta Mater., 2011, 59(14): 5845-5858.

[22] Qi L, Khachaturyan A G, Morris J W. The Microstructure of Dislocated Martensitic Steel: Theory[J]. Acta Mater., 2014, 76: 23-39.

[23] Hsu T Y. Martensitic Transformation and Martensite[M]. 1999 Beijing: Science Press.

[24] Sabar H, Berveiller M, Favier V, et al. A New Class of Micro–macro Models for Elastic–viscoplastic Heterogeneous Materials[J]. Int. J. Solids Struct., 2002, 39(12): 3257-3276.

[25] Cheng L, Böttger A, de Keijser T H, et al. Lattice Parameters of Iron-carbon and Iron-nitrogen Martensites and Austenites[J]. Scr. Metall. Mater., 1990, 24(3): 509-514.

[26] Iwamoto T, Tsuta T, Tomita Y. Investigation on Deformation Mode Dependence of Strain-induced Martensitic Transformation in TRIP Steels and Modelling of Transformation Kinetics[J]. Int. J. Mech. Sci., 1998, 40(2): 173-182.

[27] Fletcher A J. Thermal Stress and Strain Generation in Heat Treatment[M]. 1989 London: Elesvier Science Publishers LTD.

[28] Melander M, Nicolov J. Heating and Cooling Transformation Diagrams for the Rapid Heat Treatment of Two Alloy Steels[J]. J. Heat Treat., 1985, 4(1): 32-38.

[29] Koistinen D P, Marburger R E. A General Equation Prescribing the Extent of the Austenite-martensite Transformation in Pure Iron-carbon Alloys and Plain Carbon Steels[J]. Acta Metall., 1959, 7(1): 59-60.