Synthesis and electric properties of polyethylene glycol-modified fly ash floating bead/polyaniline composites

Abstract

Fly ash floating bead (FAFB) was modified by the nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol (PEG) under various concentrations to improve its hydrophobility, and then PEG modified FAFB composited with polyaniline (FAFB-PEG/PAn) by emulsion polymerization method using different feed ratios of FAFB-PEG. The chemical structure, phase structure, microstructure, conductivity, and dielectric properties were studied by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, four-probe technique, and LCR digital bridge, respectively. It was demonstrated that the optimal concentration of PEG was 1 mol/L and the corresponding grafting ratio was 1.42 %. The phase structure of FAFB was not destroyed after modification by PEG, while the surface became smoother and could be coated by PAn successfully according to SEM technique. Compared to that of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid doped PAn (PAn-DBSA), the conductivity of FAFB-PEG/PAn was decreased by 10-100 times after introduction of various amounts of FAFB-PEG, especially the value could be decreased to 0.01 S cm^-1 if 50 wt% of FAFB-PEG was provided. Additionally, the dielectric constant and loss factor of FAFB-PEG/PAn composites gradually decreased with increasing amount of FAFB-PEG in the frequency range of 100 KHz-2 MHz, namely, the dielectric constant could be still kept at 500 and correspondingly the loss factor decreased to 4.7 at 100 KHz if 50 wt% of FAFB-PEG was provided. The leaking current phenomenon derived from PAn-DBSA could also be weakened by FAFB-PEG.

Keywords

fly ash floating bead / polyaniline / electric conductivity / dielectric property

References

[1] Jiong X, Moon K S, Kim B K, et al. High Dielectric Constant Polyaniline/epoxy Composites Via In-situ Polymerization for Embedded Capacitor Applications[J]. Polymer, 2007, 48: 1510-1516.

[2] Gill E, Arshak A, Arshak K, et al. Response Mechanism of Novel Polyaniline Composite Conductimetric pH Sensors and the Effects of Polymer Binder, Surfactant and Film Thickness on Sensor Sensitivity[J]. Eur. Polym.J., 2010, 46: 2042-2050.

[3] Gao J, Sansiena J M, Wang H L. Chemical Vapor Driven Polyaniline Sensor/actuators[J]. Synth. Met., 2003, 135: 809-810.

[4] Yoseph B C. Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles: Reality, Potential and Challenges[M]. 2004 USA: SPIE Press.

[5] Nohria R, Khillan R K, Su Y, et al. Humidity Sensor Based on Ultrathin Polyaniline Film Deposited Using Layer-by-Layer Nanoassembly[J]. Sens. Actuators, B: Chem., 2006, 114: 218-222.

[6] Sohi N J S, Rahaman M, Khastgir D. Dielectric Property and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Based Conductive Composites: Effect of Different Type of Carbon Fillers[J]. Polym. Compos., 2011, 32: 1148-1154.

[7] Liang X W, Wang G C, Li X X, et al. Surface Properties of Polyaniline/nano-TiO₂ Composites[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2004, 229: 395-401.

[8] Arup R P, Bimal K S, Nirab C A, et al. TiO₂/polyaniline Nanocomposite Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Combined with Plasma Polymerization Process[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2011, 258: 1199-1205.

[9] Wu P X, Wu H H, Li R. The Microstructural Study of Thermal Treatment Montmorillonite[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 2005, 61: 3020-3025.

[10] Vijatović Petrović M M, Bobić J D, Ramoška T, et al. Electrical Properties of Lanthanum Doped Barium Titanate Ceramics[J]. Materials characterization, 2011, 62: 1000-1006.

[11] Cai W, Fu C L, Lin Z B, et al. Vanadium Doping Effects on Micro-structure and Dielectric Properties of Barium Titanate Ceramics[J]. Ceramics International, 2011, 37: 3643-3650.

[12] Dang Z M, Fan L Z, Nan C W. Dielectric Behavior of Novel Three-phase Carbon Nanotubes/BaTiO₃/PVDF Composites[J]. Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 2003, 103: 140-146.

[13] Dang Z M, Lin Y Q, Xu H P. Fabrication and Dielectric Characterization of Advanced BaTiO₃/Polymide Nanocomposite Films with High Thermal Stability[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2008, 18: 1509-1517.

[14] Wong L, Yan L L, Li H X, et al. Synthesis of Ag@Al₂O₃ Core-shell Structure Nano-particles and Their Enhancement on Dielectric Properties for Ag@Al₂O₃/polyimide Nanocomposites[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Ed., 2015, 1: 47-50.

[15] MacDiarmid A G, Yang L S, Huang W S, et al. Polyaniline: Electrochemistry and Application to Rechargeable Batteries[J]. Synthetic Metals, 1987, 18: 393-398.

[16] Huang J X, Kaner R B. The Intrinsic Nanofibrillar Morphology of Polyaniline[J]. Chem. Commum., 2006, 43: 67-376.

[17] MacDiarmid A G. “Synthetic Metals”: A Novel Role of Organic Polymers[J]. Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 2001, 40: 2581-2590.

[18] MacDiarmid A G, Epstein A J. Synthetic Metals:a Novel Role for Organic Polymers[J]. Images of the Twenty-First Century Pts., 2005, 46: 4405-4420.

[19] Genies E M, Boyle A, Lapkowski M, et al. Polyaniline:A Historical Survey[J]. Synth. Met., 1990, 36: 139-182.

[20] Leng C J. Synthesis of Polyaniline-Fe₃O₄ Nanocomposites and Their Conductivity and Magnetic Properties[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Ed., 2010, 25(5): 760-764.

[21] Wang X H, Li J, Zhang J Y. Polyaniline as Marine Antifouling and Corrosion-prevention Agent[J]. Synth. Met., 1999, 102: 1377-1380.

[22] Gill E, Arshak A, Arsha K, et al. Response Mechanism of Novel Polyaniline Composite Conductimetric pH Sensors and the Effects of Polymer Binder, Surfactant and Film Thickness on Sensor Sensitivity[J]. Eur. Polym. J., 2010, 46: 3989-3099.

[23] Abdolreza M, Reza S. Preparation and Characterization of Aqueous Polyaniline Battery Using a Modified Polyaniline Electrode[J]. Eur. Polym. J., 2003, 39: 219-223.

[24] Yin J B, Xia X, Wang X X, et al. The Electrorheological Effect and Dielectric Properties of Suspensions Containing Polyaniline/titania Nanocable-like Particles[J]. Soft Matter, 2011, 7: 10978-10986.

[25] Hao T. Electrorheological Fluids[J]. Advanced Materials, 2001, 13: 1847-1857.

[26] Mo T C, Wang H W, Chen S Y, et al. Synthesis and Dielectric Properties of Polyaniline/titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites[J]. Ceramics International, 2008, 34: 1767-1771.

[27] Arup C. Polyaniline/silver Nanocomposites: Dielectric Properties and Ethanol Vapour Sensitivity[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2009, 138: 318-325.

[28] Bhupendra K, Sharma N K, Dhawan S K, et al. Dielectric Properties of Nano ZnO-polyaniline Composite in the Microwave Frequency Range[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 447: 370-373.

[29] Bandara W M A T, Krishantha D M M, Perera J S H Q, et al. Preparation, Characterization and Conducting Properties of Nanocomposites of Successively Intercalated Polyaniline (Pani) in Montmorillonite (MMT) [J]. J. Compos. Mater., 2005, 39: 759-775.

[30] Li Y K, Wang Y, Gao Y, et al. Study on Properties of Hollow Glass Bead from Fly Ash[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2002, 30: 664-667.

[31] Esumi K, Iitaka M, Koide Y. Simultaneous Adsorption of Poly (Ethylene Oxide) and Cationic Surfactant at the Silica/water Interface[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1998, 208: 178-182.

[32] Reihs T, Muller M, Lunkwitz K. Deposition of Polylelectrolyte Complex Nano-Particles at Silica Surfaces Characterized by ATR-FTIR and SEM[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2003, 212: 79-95.

[33] Zhang Y W, Tang M, Xing J. Polymeric Adsorption Behavior of Nanoparticulate Yttria Stabilized Zirconia and the Deposition of As-Formed Suspensions on Dense α-Al₂O₃ Substrates[J]. Solid State Sciences, 2003, 5: 435-440.

[34] Shashwat SB, Millind VJ, Radha VJ. Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Cations on Dye Sorption to Fly Ash from Aqueous Media[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006, 303: 477-483.

[35] Shao L, Qiu J H, Liu M Z, et al. Preparation and Characterization of Fly Ashes and Polyaniline Core/shell Microspheres[J]. Synth. Met., 2010, 160: 143-149.

[36] Ma L, Lu W, Gan M Y, et al. Effect of a Constant Magnetic Field (0.4 T) on Orientation Microstructure of Polyaniline[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2008, 66: 1259-1.

[37] Kunjalukkal P S, Licciulli A. Synthesis and Characteristics of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Based Geopolymers-A Comparative Study[J]. Ceramics International, 2014, 40: 2965-2971.

[38] Zhang S P. Layer-aligned Polyethylene Glycol/functionalized Grapheme Composites with Improved Thermal Stability[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2012, 70: 1934-1400.

[39] Bhupendra K, Sharma N K, Dhawan S K, et al. Dielectric Properties of Nano ZnO-polyaniline Composite in the Microwave Frequency Range[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 477: 370-373.

[40] Zhang L X, Zhang L J, Wan M X, et al. Polyaniline Micro/nanofibers Doped with Saturation Fatty Acids[J]. Synth. Met., 2006, 156: 454-458.

[41] He G X. Study on the Electrical Conductivity of Concretes with Fly Ash[D]. 2006 Chongqing: Chongqing University.

[42] Wang J, Wu Z C, Hu K H, et al. High Conductivity Graphenelike MoS₂/polyaniline Nanocomposites and Its Application in Supercapacitor[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014 9

[43] Prajapati G K, Gupta P N. Comparative Study of the Electrical and Dielectric Properties of PVA–PEG–Al₂O₃–MI (M=Na,K,Ag) Complex Polymer Electrolytes[J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2011, 406: 3108-3113.

[44] Awadhia A, Patel S K, Agrawal S L. Dielectric Investigations in PVA Based Gel Electrolytes[J]. Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater., 2006, 52: 61-68.

[45] Hema M, Selvasekerapandian S, Sakunthala A, et al. Structural, Vibrational and Electrical Characterization of PVA-NH4Br Polymer Electrolyte System[J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2008, 403: 2740-2747.

[46] Bhupendra K S, Neeraj K, Dhawan S K, et al. Dielectric Properties of Nano ZnO-polyaniline Composite in the Microwave Frequency Range[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 447: 370-373.

[47] Wei C G. Electrorheological Techinique: Mechanism, Materials, Engineering Application[M]. 2000 Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press.