Ferromagnetism of Zn_1−xCu _xO polycrystalline made by solid state reaction

Abstract

The Zn_1−xCu _xO polycrystalline materials were prepared by doping CuO into wurtzite ZnO through solid state reaction. The high concentration of copper doping in ZnO exhibited remarkable room temperature ferromagnetism. The Experiments showed that the magnetization saturation rose with the increase of Cu content. For the low Cu content sample, the hysteresis loop was slightly tilted which indicated that the diamagnetism coexisted in this sample. The temperature dependence of magnetization of Zn_1−xCu _xO revealed that the magnetic exchange coupling depended on the doping concentration of Cu and there were many different local environments for magnetism. The measured hysteresis loop and temperature dependence of magnetization were overall performance of the magnetism coming from a wide distribution of ferromagnetic exchange couplings.

Keywords

diluted magnetic semiconductor / high Cu-doping / room temperature ferromagnetism

References

[1] Park M, Min B Ferromagnetism in ZnO Codoped with Transition Metals: Zn_1−x(FeCo)_xO and Zn_1−x(FeCu)_xO[J]. Physical Review B, 2003, 68(22): 224 436-224 441.

[2] Kolesnik S, Dabrowski B, Mais J Structural and Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Substituted ZnO[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2004, 95(5): 2 582-2 586.

[3] Han S J, Song J W, Yang C H, . A Key to Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Fe-doped ZnO: Cu[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2002, 81(22): 4 212-4 212.

[4] Dogra R, Cordeiro M R, Carbonari A W, . Absence of Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Transition Metal Doped ZnO Nanocrystalline Powders from PAC Spectroscopy[J]. Hyperfine Interactions, 2010, 197(1–3): 77-81.

[5] Gregg J F, Allen W D, Viart N, . The Art of Spin Electronics [J]. Magn. Magn. Mater., 1997 1-9.

[6] Hammar P R, Bennett B R, Yang M J, . Observation of Spin Injection at a Ferromagnet-Semiconductor Interface[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1999 203-206.

[7] Dietl T, Ohno H, Matsukura F, . Zener Model Description of Ferromagnetism in Zinc-Blende Magnetic Semiconductors[J]. Science, 2000, 287: 1 019-1 022.

[8] Shim J H, Hwang T, Lee S, . Origin of Ferromagnetism in Fe- and Cu-codoped ZnO[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, 86(8): 082 503

[9] Mao X, Zhong W, Du Y Ferromagnetism of Ni Cluster in Ni-doped ZnO by Solid State Reaction[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2008, 320: 1 102-105.

[10] Kim J Y, Park J H, Park B G, . Ferromagnetism Induced by Clustered Co in Co-Doped Anatase TiO₂ Thin Films [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2003, 90: 017 401-017 412.

[11] Straumal B, Mazilkin A, Protasova S, . Magnetization Study of Nanograined Pure and Mn-doped ZnO Films: Formation of a Ferromagnetic Grain-Boundary Foam[J]. Physical Review B, 2009, 79(20): 205 206-205 211.

[12] Van L H, Ding J, Hong M H, . Comparison of Magnetic Property of Cu-, Al-, and Li-doped ZnO Dilute Magentic Semiconductor Thin Films[J]. Surface Review and Letters, 2008, 15: 81-85.

[13] Wu Z F, Wu X M, Zhuge L J, . Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Cu Doped ZnO Nanorods via Radio Frequency Plasma Deposition[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93: 023 103

[14] Kundaliya D C, Ogale S B, Loflano S E, . On the Origin of High-Temperature Ferromagnetism in the Low-Temperatureprocessed Mn-Zn-O System[J]. Nature Materials, 2004, 3: 709-714.

[15] Zaoui A, Ferhat M, Ahuja R Magnetic Properties of (ZnO)1/(CuO)1 (001) Superlattice[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94: 102 102-102 105.

[16] Shi H, Zhang P, Li S, . Magnetic Coupling Properties of Rare-Earth Metals (Gd, Nd) Doped ZnO: First-Principles Calculations[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, 106: 023 910-023 916.

[17] Herng T S, Qi D C, Berlijn T, . Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism of Cu-Doped ZnO Films Probed by Soft X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism[J]. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2010, 105: 207 201-207 205.

[18] Shukla G Magnetic and Optical Properties of Epitaxial n-Type Cu-Doped ZnO Thin Films Deposited on Sapphire Substrates[J]. Applied Physics A, 2009, 97(1): 115-118.

[19] Hou D L, Ye X J, Zhao X Y, . Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in n-Type Cu-Doped ZnO Thin Films[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2007, 102: 033 905-033 907.

[20] Kennett M P, Berciu M, Bhatt R N Two-Component Approach for Thermodynamic Properties in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors[J]. Phys. Rev. B, 2002, 65(11): 115 308-115 318.