Resource recycling is a cornerstone of sustainable supply chain development. However, information asymmetry among multiple stakeholders often hinders effective consensus, significantly impairing decision-making efficiency in reverse logistics, particularly in resource recycling. This study proposes a blockchain-based closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) system to elucidate the reconstruction mechanism of the CLSC network and promote sustainable supply chain development. The reconstruction focuses on two core issues: fault-tolerant consensus and profit distribution. Using a trust-enhanced Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus mechanism and a Shapley value-based profit distribution model, this study deciphers the operational logic underlying CLSC reconstruction. Findings indicate that a two-stage approach integrating fault-tolerant consensus and profit distribution effectively promotes the integration of forward and reverse chains. A cooperative governance model is essential for transforming supply chain resource recycling, and policy regulation is necessary to ensure the stable operation of distributed recycling systems. Together, these findings advance the theory and practice of dual-chain integration and closed-loop supply chains.
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