An outline of the varieties of the second-order systems sciences

Abstract

The systems sciences are based on a universal language of systems which can be used within most academic disciplines in their endeavors for exploring the world. Currently, systems sciences cover a wide variety of different approaches like complex adaptive systems, resilient systems or systems engineering. One of the future extensions of the systems sciences comes through the applications of second-order systems science as a new field of reflexive studies on first-order systems science. This article provides a general background on the relations of first-order science and second-order science in general and then goes on to sketch a basic outline for the second-order systems sciences and their potentials for quality control and for innovations for the first-order systems sciences.

References

[1] Ashby, W. R. (1981). Mechanisms of intelligence: ross ashbys writings on cybernetics. In: Conant, R. (ed), Seaside: Intersystems Publications, 433–437.

[2] Balakrishnan A. V., Thoma M.. System Modeling and Optimization, 1984

[3] Bejan A.. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, second edition, 1997

[4] Bejan A.. The Physics of Life: The Theory of Everything, 2016

[5] Bejan A., Lorente S.. Design with Constructal Theory, 2008.

[6] Bensoussan A., Lions J. L.. New Trends in Systems Analysis, 1977.

[7] Bertalanffy L.v.. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, 1968, New York: George Braziller

[8] Bertalanffy, L.v. (1981). A systems view of man: collected essays. In: Paul A. LaViolette (ed), Boulder. Westview Press.

[9] Borenstein M., Hedges L.V., Higgins J.P.T., Rothstein H.. Introduction to Meta-Analysis, 2009.

[10] Bowling A.. Measuring Health. A Review of Quality of Life Measurement Scales (3rd edition), 2005, Maidenhead: Open University Press

[11] Bunge M.. Treatise on Basic Philosophy, 1977.

[12] Bunge M.. Treatise on Basic Philosophy, 1979.

[13] Bunge M.. Treatise on Basic Philosophy, 1983

[14] Bunge M.. Treatise on Basic Philosophy, 1983

[15] Cabena P., Hadjnian P., Stadler R., Verhees J., Zanasi A.. Discovering Data Mining: from Concept to Implementation, 1997

[16] Cabrera D., Cabrera L.. Systems Thinking Made Simple, 2015

[17] Cabrera D., Colosi L., Lobdell C.. Systems thinking. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2008, 31(3): 299-310.

[18] Card N.A.. Applied Meta-Analysis for Social Science Research, 2012

[19] Chaitin G.. Evolution of mutating software. EATCS Bulletin, 2009, 97: 157-164.

[20] Chernoff H.. The use of faces to represent points in k-dimensional space graphically. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1973, 68(342): 361-368.

[21] Cooper H.M.. Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach (4th edition), 2009, Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

[22] Cooper H.M., Hedges L.V., Valentine J.. The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis (2nd edition), 2009

[23] Egger M., Davey-Smith G., Altman D.G.. Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-analysis in Context (2nd edition), 2001.

[24] Emery E. F.. Systems Thinking: 2, 1981

[25] ESFRI European roadmap for research infrastructures, 2006

[26] ESFRI European roadmap for research infrastructures, 2008

[27] ESFRI Strategy report on research infrastructures, 2011

[28] Flury B., Riedwyl H.. Graphical representation of multivariate data by means of asymmetrical faces. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1981, 76(376): 757-765.

[29] Forrester J.W.. Industrial Dynamics, 1961

[30] Forrester J.W.. Principles of Systems (2nd edition), 1968

[31] Forrester J.W.. Urban Dynamics, 1969

[32] Forrester J.W.. World Dynamics, 1971, Cambridge: Wright-Allen Press

[33] Gall J.. Systemantics: The Underground Text of Systems Lore: How Systems Really Work and Especially How They Fail (3rd edition), 1990, Ann Arbor: The General Systemantics Press

[34] Gerbode F. A.. Beyond Psychology: An Introduction to Metapsychology, 2013

[35] Gigch J.P.V.. System Design Modeling and Metamodeling, 1991.

[36] Glanville R.. The Black Box, vol. I: Cybernetic Circles, 2012

[37] Glanville R.. The Black Box, vol. II: Living in Cybernetic Circles, 2014

[38] Glass G.V.. Primary, secondary and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 1976, 5: 3-8.

[39] Glass G. V., McGaw B., Smith M. L.. Meta-analysis in Social Research, 1981

[40] Glatzer W., Camfield L., Møller V., Rojas M.. Global Handbook of Quality of Life, 2015.

[41] Guo Y., Grossman R.. High Performance Data Mining: Scaling Algorithms, Applications and Systems, 1999, New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

[42] Han J., Kamber M., Pei J.. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd edition), 2011.

[43] Hedges L.V., Olkin I.. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis, 1985, New York: Academic Press.

[44] Helbing D.. Stochastische Methoden, Nichtlineare Dynamik und Quantitative Modelle Sozialer Prozesse, 1993

[45] Heylighen F., Joslyn C., Turchin V.. The Quantum of Evolution, 1995

[46] Higgins J.P.T., Green S.. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, 2008.

[47] Hollingsworth R.J., Hollingsworth E.J.. Major Discoveries, Creativity, and the Dynamics of Science, 2011

[48] Hunt M.. How Science Takes Stock: the Story of Meta-Analysis, 1999

[49] Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L.. Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings, 1990

[50] Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L.. Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings (3rd edition), 2014

[51] Independent Commission on PopulationQuality of Life Caring for the Future, 1996

[52] Janert P.K.. Data Analysis with Open Source Tools, 2010

[53] Kajfež-Bogataj L., Müller K.H., Svetlik I., Toš N.. Modern RISC-Societies, 2010

[54] Köhler W.. Emery F.E.. Closed and open systems. Systems Thinking, 1969

[55] Kulinskaya E., Morgenthaler S., Staudte R.G.. Analysis: a Guide to Calibrating and Combining Statistical Evidence, 2009.

[56] Kumar S.. Spiritual Compass: the Three Qualities of Life, 2007

[57] Lipsey M., Wilson D.. Practical Meta-Analysis, 2000

[58] Littell J.H., Corcoran J., Pillai V.. Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, 2008, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[59] Liu B.. Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents and Usage Data, 2007.

[60] Malnar B., Müller K.H.. Surveys and Reflexivity: a Second-Order Analysis of the European Social Survey (ESS), 2015

[61] Margulis L.. Early Life, 1981

[62] Margulis L.. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution (2nd edition), 1993

[63] Margulis L.. Symbiotic Planet: a New Look at Evolution, 1998

[64] Maturana H.R., Varela F.J.. Autopoiesis and Cognition: the Realization of the Living, 1980.

[65] Meadows D. H., Meadows D. L., Randers J., Behrens III W. W.. The Limits to Growth: a Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind, 1972

[66] Meadows D.H., Meadows D.L., Randers J.. Beyond the Limits: Confronting the Global Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future, 1991

[67] Meadows D.L., Randers J., Meadows D.H.. Limits to Growth: the 30-Year Update, 2004

[68] Meadows D.H.. Thinking in Systems: a Primer, 2009

[69] Müller K.H.. Fischer H.R.. Die grammatik des neuen. Wie kommt Neues in die Welt, 2013

[70] Müller K.H.. Kolland F., Müller K.H.. Lebenslagen, ungleichheit und lebensqualität aus radikal konstruktivistischer perspektive. Alter und Gesellschaft im Umbruch. Festschrift für Anton Amann, 2013 219-261.

[71] Müller K.H.. Second-order analysen als neues aufgabenfeld von sozialwissenschaftlichen datenarchiven. e-WISDOM, 2013, 6: 85-106.

[72] Müller K.H.. Second-Order Science: the Revolution of Scientific Structures, 2016

[73] Müller, K.H. (2017). Second-order science and new cybernetics. In: Carayannis, E.G., Campbell, D.F.J. & Efthymiopoulos, M.P. (eds.), Handbook of Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy and Cyber-Defense. Berlin:Springer.

[74] Müller K.H., Toš N.. Towards a New Kind of Social Science: Social Research in the Context of Science II and RISC-Societies, 2012

[75] Nisbet R., Elder J., Miner G.. Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications, 2009.

[76] Nussbaum M.C., Sen A.. The Quality of Life, 1993.

[77] Pani N.. Peil J., Staveren I.V.. Hinduism. Handbook of Economics and Ethics, 2009 216-222.

[78] Petticrew M., Roberts H.. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences, 2006.

[79] Phillips D.. Quality of Life: Concept, Policy and Practice, 2006.

[80] Pigott T.D.. Advances in Meta-Analysis, 2012.

[81] Rapley M.. Quality of Life Research: a Critical Introduction (4th edition), 2008

[82] Rescher N.. Scientific Progress: a Philosophical Essay on the Economics of Research in Natural Science, 1978

[83] Rothstein H., Sutton A., Borenstein M.. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis, 2005.

[84] Russell M.A.. Mining the Social Web: Analyzing Data from Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Other Social Media Sites, 2011

[85] Sicherl P.. Time Distance in Economics and Statistics: New Insights from Existing Data, 2012

[86] Sornette D.. Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences: Chaos, Fractals, Selforganization and Disorder: Concepts and Tools, 2006.

[87] Surowiecki J.. The Wisdom of Crowds, 2005

[88] Sutton A.J., Abrams K.R., Jones D.R., Sheldon T.A., Song F.. Methods for Meta-Analysis in Medical Research, 2000

[89] Theodoridis S., Koutroumbas K.. Pattern Recognition (4th edition), 2008.

[90] Welton N.J., Sutton A.J., Cooper N.J., Abrams K.R., Ades A.E.. Evidence Synthesis for Decision Making in Healthcare, 2012.

[91] Wagner M., Weiß B.. Baur N., Blasius J.. Meta-analyse. Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung, 2014 1117-1128.

[92] Whitehead A.. Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials, 2002.

[93] Witten I.H., Frank E.. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (2nd edition), 2005.

[94] Wurman R. S.. Information Anxiety: What to Do When Information Doesn’t Tell You What You Need to Know, 1989

[95] Wurman R. S., et al. Information Anxiety 2 (2nd edition), 2000

[96] Ye N.. The Handbook of Data Mining, 2003

[97] Zipf G.K.. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort, 1949