Assessment of Onshore Renewable Energy Power Supply for Ship’s Emissions Reduction in Port Said West Port

Merna Makram, Ameen M. Bassam, Adel A. Tawfik, Waleed Yehia

Journal of Marine Science and Application ›› 2024, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (2) : 506-524.

Journal of Marine Science and Application ›› 2024, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (2) : 506-524. DOI: 10.1007/s11804-024-00423-4
Research Article

Assessment of Onshore Renewable Energy Power Supply for Ship’s Emissions Reduction in Port Said West Port

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Air pollution from shipping is becoming a critical issue, particularly in dense hub port cities. One proposed solution to minimize ship-based emissions at ports is the implementation of an Onshore Power Supply (OPS) system. OPS allows ships to shut off their auxiliary engines and instead connect to the port grid. While there have been numerous studies conducted on ports in Europe and the United States, little research has been done on Egyptian ports. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the feasibility of implementing OPS at Port Said West Port in Egypt, aligning with Egypt Vision 2030’s goals for addressing climate change. The research primarily focuses on analyzing data collected from calling ships to generate socio-economic and cost-effectiveness analyses of OPS. To further enhance the environmental benefits of OPS, the paper proposes the use of solar energy as the OPS electricity source. The findings of the study revealed that by relying on the national grid, emissions can be reduced by 28%. Moreover, it is predicted that this reduction could reach 100% if electricity generation is solely based on solar energy. Additionally, the economic analysis demonstrates promising profitability, with a payback period of approximately two years.

Keywords

Onshore power supply / Port sustainability / Shipping emissions inventory / Solar energy / Photovoltaic systems

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Merna Makram, Ameen M. Bassam, Adel A. Tawfik, Waleed Yehia. Assessment of Onshore Renewable Energy Power Supply for Ship’s Emissions Reduction in Port Said West Port. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 2024, 23(2): 506‒524 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-024-00423-4

References

[]
Acciaro M, Vanelslander T, Sys C, Ferrari C, Roumboutsos A, Giuliano G, Kapros S. Environmental sustainability in seaports: a framework for successful innovation. Maritime Policy & Management, 2014, 41(5): 480-500,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Adamo F, Andria G, Cavone G, De Capua C, Lanzolla AML, Morello R, Spadavecchia M. Estimation of ship emissions in the port of Taranto. Measurement, 2014, 47: 982-988,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) (2021) Retrieved online from https://ww2.eagle.org/en.html (Accessed 13 May 2021)
[]
Andria G, Attivissimo F, Cavone G, Lanzolla AML, Spadavecchia M (2014) Environmental impact of the marine transport in port of Taranto. 5th IMEKO TC19 Symposium on Environmental Instrumentation and Measurements, 16–19. IMEKO-International Measurement Federation Secretariat
[]
Badino A, Borelli D, Gaggero T, Rizzuto E, Schenone C. Noise emitted from ships: impact inside and outside the vessels. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences., 2012, 48: 868-879,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Ballini F, Bozzo R. Air pollution from ships in ports: The socio-economic benefit of cold-ironing technology. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2015, 17: 92-98,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Bassam AM, Phillips AB, Turnock SR, Wilson PA (2023) A solar energy-based shore side power system for a ferry service across the Suez Canal, Ships and Offshore Structures, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2023.2245187
[]
Bullock S, Hoolohan C, Larkin A (2023) Accelerating shipping decarbonization: A case study on UK shore power. Heliyon 9.7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17475
[]
CARB. . Technical support document: Initial statement of reasons for the proposed rulemaking-Regulations to reduce emissions from diesel auxiliary engines on ocean-going vessels while at-berth at a California port, 2007 Sacramento, CA California Air Resources Board Retrieved from
[]
CARB. . Initial statement of reasons for proposed rulemaking-Proposed amendments to the regulations fuel sulfur and other operational requirements for ocean-going vessels within California waters and 24 nautical miles of the California baseline, 2011 Sacramento, CA California Air Resources Board
[]
Chang CC, Wang CM. Evaluating the effects of green port policy: Case study of Kaohsiung harbour in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2012, 17(3): 185-189,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Cheng K, Chang Y, Kuang Y, Ling Q, Zou Z, Huang R. Multiple-Year Changes (2014–2018) in Particulate Vanadium Linked to Shipping Regulations in the World’s Largest Port Region. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry., 2022, 6: 415-420,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Climate Data (2019) Climate-data. org, Port Said Climate: Average temperature, weather by month. Available at: https://en.climate-data.org/africa/egypt/port-said-governorate/port-said-504/ (Accessed: 02 October 2023)
[]
Corbett JJ, Winebrake JJ, Green EH, Kasibhatla P, Eyring V, Lauer A. Mortality from ship emissions: a global assessment. Environ Sci Techno, 2007, 41(24): 8512-8518,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
De Jonge E, Hugi C, Cooper D (2005) European commission directorate general environment service contract on ship emissions: Assignment, abatement and market-based instruments. Task 2a-Shore-Side Electricity Final Report ENTEC UK Limited.
[]
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (2021) Retrieved online from https://vesselregister.dnv.com/vesselregister/(Accessed 13 May 2021)
[]
EMICS Circular (2018) EMICS Egypt. Retrieved online from https://www.emicsegypt.com/ (Accessed 15 May 2021)
[]
Essen H, van Wijngaarden L, van Sutter D, Bieler C, Maffii S, Fiorello D, Fermi F, Parolin R, Schroten A, Brambilla M (2020) Handbook on the external costs of transport: version 2019-1.1. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2832/51388
[]
Esteve Pérez J, Gutiérrez Romero JE (2015) Renewable energy supply to ships at port. SARTI. https://raco.cat/index.php/Instrumentation/article/view/316007
[]
Gilbert P, Bows-Larkin A, Mander S, Walsh C. Technologies for the high seas: meeting the climate challenge. Carbon Management, 2015, 5(4): 447-461,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Gore K, Rigot-Müller P, Coughlan J. Cost-benefit assessment of shore side electricity: An Irish perspective. Journal of environmental management, 2023, 326(PtB): 116755,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Guo B, Gissey GC (2019) Cost Pass-through in the British Wholesale Electricity Market: Implications of Brexit and the ETS reform. Energy Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30333
[]
Gutierrez-Romero J, Esteve-Pérez J, Zamora B. Implementing Onshore Power Supply from renewable energy sources for requirements of ships at berth. Applied Energy, 2019, 255: 113883,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Huang L, Wen Y, Geng X, Zhou C, Xiao C, Zhang F. Estimation and spatio-temporal analysis of ship exhaust emission in a port area. Ocean Engineering., 2017, 140: 401-411,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
IMO (2020) Fourth IMO greenhouse gas study. MEPC 75/7/15: Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships-Final report. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/Environment/Pages/Fourth-IMO-Greenhouse-Gas-Study-2020.aspx
[]
Innes A, Monios J. Identifying the unique challenges of installing cold ironing at small and medium ports-The case of Aberdeen. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2018, 62: 298-313,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
IRENA (2021) Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021. Technical Report, Abu Dhabi. https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/March/Renewable-Capacity-Statistics-2021
[]
Kotrikla AM, Lilas T, Nikitakos N. Abatement of air pollution at an Aegean Island port utilizing shore side electricity and renewable energy. Marine Policy, 2017, 75: 238-248,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Kraemer I, Czermanski E (2020) Onshore power one option to reduce air emissions in ports. Sustainability Management Forum. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00550-020-00497-y
[]
Kurt I, Boulougouris E, Pachakis D (2023) Comparative Technical-Economic Evaluation of Offshore Containerships Port Systems. Ships and Offshore Structures. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2023.2226502
[]
Lee H, Pham H, Chen M, Choo S (2021) Bottom-Up Approach Ship Emission Inventory in Port of Incheon Based on VTS Data. Advanced Transportation. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5568777
[]
Maibach M, Schreyer C, Sutter D, Van Essen HP, Boon BH, Smokers R, Schroten A, Doll C, Pawlowska B, Bak M (2008) Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector Internalisation Measures and Policies for All external Cost of Transport (IMPACT), Version 1.1. http://www.cedelft.nl/
[]
Merk O (2014) Shipping emissions in ports. Paris: The International Transport Forum’s Discussion Paper. https://doi.org/10.1787/5jrw1ktc83r1-en
[]
MFAT market report NZ (2021) The Importance of the Suez Canal to Global Trade Market Report Egypt: The New Zealand Embassy. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Trade/MFAT-Market-reports/The-Importance-of-the-Suez-Canal-to-Global-Trade-18-April-2021
[]
Mohamed S, Salah-Eldine M (2020) Evaluating the sustainable green seaports (SGP) in Egypt: Case Study of Alexandria and Eldekhila Seaports, Journal of Alexandria University for Administrative Sciences, 57 (1). https://acjalexu.journals.ekb.eg/article_79839
[]
Naty S, Viviano A, Foti E (2016) Wave Energy Exploitation System Integrated in the Coastal Structure of a Mediterranean Port. Sustainability. 8(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121342
[]
Ni P, Wang X, Li H (2020) A review on regulations, current status, effects and reduction strategies of emissions for marine diesel engines fuel. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118477
[]
Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK) (2021) Retrieved online from https://www.classnk.or.jp/hp/en/index.html (Accessed 13 May 2021)
[]
ODS register (2010) Noise from ships in ports Possibilities for noise reduction. Retrieved from https://mst.dk/media/mst/66165/978-87-92668-35-6
[]
Paulauskas V, Filina-Dawidowicz L, Paulauskas D. The Method to Decrease Emissions from Ships in Port Areas. Sustainability, 2020, 12(11): 4374,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Peng Y, Liu H, Li X, Huang J, Wang W (2020) Machine learning method for energy consumption prediction of ships in port considering green ports. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121564
[]
Sciberras EA, Zahawi B, Atkinson DJ (2015) Electrical characteristics of cold ironing energy supply for berthed ships. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.05.007
[]
SCZONE (2021) West Port Said port. Retrieved from: https://sczone.eg/services/west-portsaid-port/ (Accessed 30 May 2021)
[]
Seddiek I, Mosleh M, Banawan A. Fuel saving and emissions cut through shore-side power concept for high-speed crafts at the red sea in Egypt. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 2014, 12: 463-472,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Seddiek I (2019) Application of renewable energy technologies for eco-friendly sea ports. Ships and Offshore Structures. 10.108017445302.2019.1696535
[]
Seediek I, Elgohary M. Assessment of renewable energy supply for green ports with a case study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 27(5): 5547-5558,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Ship and bunker (2022) Retrieved from https://shipandbunker.com/prices#MGO (Accessed 2 June 2022)
[]
Slack B, Comtois C, Wiegmans B, Witte P (2018) Ships time in port. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTL.2018.10008534
[]
SolarGIS Freemaps (2018) Global Horizontal Irradiation. Country maps: Egypt. Solar resource map 2018 Retrieved from https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/egypt (Accessed 4 July 2022)
[]
Stolz B, Held M, Georges G, Boulouchos K. The CO2 reduction potential of shore-side electricity in Europe. Applied Energy, 2021, 285: 116425,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2017) Shore Power Technology Assessment at U. S. Ports. Transportation and Climate Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-05/documents/420r17004-2017-update
[]
Tiwari GN, Arvind K. . Handbook of solar energy: theory, analysis and applications (energy systems in electrical engineering), 2016 Singapore Springer,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Tseng P, Pilcher N. A study of the potential of shore power for the port of Kaohsiung, Taiwan: to introduce or not to introduce. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2015, 17: 83-91,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Tzannatos E. Ship emissions and their externalities for the port of Piraeus-Greece. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44: 400-407,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Wang L, Liang C, Shi J, Molavi A, Lim G, Zhang Y (2021) A bilevel hybrid economic approach for optimal deployment of onshore power supply in maritime ports. Applied energy, 292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116892
[]
Winkel R, Weddige U, Johnsen D, Hoen V, Papaefthimiou S. Shore Side Electricity in Europe: Potential and environmental benefits. Energy Policy, 2016, 88: 584-593,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Yarova N, Vorkunova O, Khoteyeva N. Economic assessment of the alternative energy sources implementation for port enterprises. Economic Annals-XXI, 2017, 166(7–8): 46-50
[]
Yıldırım Pekşen D, Alkan G. Application of Alternative Maritime Power (AMP) Supply to Cruise Port. J. ETA Maritime Science, 2018, 6(4): 307-318,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Zhai Q, Cao H, Zhao X, Yuan C (2011) Cost Benefit Analysis of Using Clean Energy Supplies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Global Automotive Manufacturing. Energies 4, no. 10: 1478–1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4101478
[]
Zis T, North R, Angeloudis P, Ochieng W, Harrison Bell M. Evaluation of cold ironing and speed reduction policies to reduce ship emissions near and at ports. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 2014, 16(4): 371-398,
CrossRef Google scholar
[]
Zis T. Prospects of cold ironing as an emissions reduction option. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2019, 119: 82-95

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/