Based on tensile cracking of SiC_p and decohesion of the interface between SiC_p and Al matrix, a mesome-chanical model for tensile deformation of SiC_p/Al composites was developed. The microcracks and multi-scale second phase particles were assumed to distribute homogeneously. A nonlinear quantitative relationship between tensile ductility and volume fraction of SiC_p was established based on the model. The tensile ductility values of 2xxx SiC_p/Al and 6xxx SiC_p/Al composites predicted by the model are in good agreement with the experimental values. The analysis of effects of multi-scale second phases on the ductility of the composites indicates that the ductility decreases with the increase of the volume fraction of SiC_p and precipitates in Al matrix and is almost independent of constituents and dispersoids.

The sintering behavior of NiFe₂O₄-10NiO/xNi cermet which was used as the most prospective inert anode materials for aluminum electrolysis was studied by examining the effects of raw powder particle size, sintering temperature, and the contents of Ni. The results show that fine particle size enables the powder to have high driving force for sintering. High temperature is beneficial to densification, but the ultra-high temperature does harm to the improvement of the density. The samples of NiFe₂O₄-10NiO/5Ni has the highest relative density of 97. 28% when it is sintered at 1 350 °C, but it decreases to 95. 23% when sintered at 1 400 °C. Low addition of Ni has a great help to the sintering of NiFe₂O₄-10NiO matrix. When the samples are sintered at 1 350 °C and the mass fraction of Ni is 5%, the highest relative density is gained, but the density decreases with the further increase of Ni contents. The low density of the sintered samples of NiFe₂O₄-10NiO/17Ni is attributed to the high volume fraction of pores.

The strain Lv_1–2 isolated from the Henan bauxite was characterized by morphological observation, biochemical and physiological identification, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The influences of temperature, initial pH value, the volume of medium, shaking speed and illite concentration on the desilicating ability of the strain Lv_1–2 were investigated. The results show that the bacterium is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with oval endspores and thick capsule, but without flagellum. The biochemical and physiological tests indicate that the strain Lv_1–2 is similar to Bacillus mucilaginosus. In GenBank the 16S rDNA sequence similarity of the strain Lv_1–2 and the B. mucilaginosus YNUCC0001 (AY571332) is more than 99%. Based on the above results, the strain Lv_1–2 is identified as B. mucilaginosus. The optimum conditions for the strain Lv_1–2 to remove silicon from illite are as follows: temperature is 30 °C; initial pH value is 7.5; medium volume in 200 mL bottle is 60 mL; shaking speed of rotary shaker is 220 r/m; illite concentration is 1%.

The energy transfer and upconversion of Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ co-doped TeO₂-TiO₂-K₂O glasses upon excitation with 976 nm lasers diode were studied. The tellurite glasses were prepared by conventional melting methods. Their optical properties and sensitization upconversion spectra were performed. The dependence of green upconversion luminescence intensity on the mole ratio of Yb³⁺ to Er³⁺ and Er³⁺ concentration were discussed in detail. When the mole ratio of Yb³⁺ to Er³⁺ is 25/1 and Er³⁺ concentration is 0.1% (mole fraction), or when the mole ratio of Yb³⁺ to Er³⁺ is 10/1 and Er³⁺ concentration is 0.15%, the optimal upconversion luminescence intensity is obtained. The obtained glasses can be one of the potential candidates for lasers-diode pumping microchip solid-state lasers.

Ni/ (10NiO-NiFe₂O₄) cermets were fabricated by using cold pressing-sintering method. The phase composition and effect of metallic content on the mechanical properties such as bending strength, Vickers’ hardness, fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance were studied. The results show that the cermets consist of Ni, NiO and NiFe₂O₄. Within the range of metallic content from 0 to 17% (mass fraction), the relative density decreases with the increase of metallic content and the decrease of sintering temperature, Vickers’ hardness decreases from 7 097 MPa to 4 814 MPa and the bending strength increases from 110 MPa to 157 MPa, and the fracture toughness reaches the optimal value of 5.11 MPa · m^1/2 at the metallic content of about 10%. The residual strength after thermal shock testing falls sharply as the thermal shock temperature difference is above 200 °C. The cermets samples, whose metallic content is 10% and 15%, respectively, exhibit promising property of thermal shock resistance at 960 °C with six cycles of heating and quenching testing.

Taking the nano-sized carbon black and aniline monomer as precursor and (NH₄)₂S₂O₆ as oxidant, the well coated C/polyaniline(C/PANI) composite materials were prepared by in situ polymerization of the aniline on the surface of well-dispersed nano-sized carbon black for supercapacitor. The micro-structure of the C/PANI composite electrode materials were analyzed by SEM. The electrochemical properties of C/ PANI and PANI composite electrode were characterized by means of the galvanostatic charge-discharge experiment, cyclic voltammetric measurement and impedance spectroscopy analysis. The results show that by adding the nano-sized carbon black in the process of chemical polymerization of the aniline, the polyaniline can be in situ polymerized and well-coated onto the carbon black particles, which may effectively improve the aggregation of particles and the electrolyte penetration. What’s more, the maximum of specific capacitance of C/PANI electrode 437.6 F · g⁻¹ can be attained. Compared with PANI electrode, C/PANI electrode shows more desired capacitance characteristics, smaller internal resistance and better cycle performance.

Taking the selection of coal-tar pitch as precursor and KOH as activated agent, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated for supercapacitor. The surface area and the pore structure of activated carbon were analyzed by Nitro adsorption method. The electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were determined using two-electrode capacitors in 6 mol/L KOH aqueous electrolytes. The influences of activated temperature and mass ratio of KOH to C on the pore structure and electrochemical property of porous activated carbon were investigated in detail. The reasons for the changes of pore structure and electrochemical performance of activated carbon prepared under different conditions were also discussed theoretically. The results indicate that the maximum specific capacitance of 240 F/g can be obtained in alkaline medium, and the surface area, the pore structure and the specific capacitance of activated carbon depend on the treatment methods; the capacitance variation of activated carbon cannot be interpreted only by the change of surface area and pore structure, the lattice order and the electrolyte wetting effect of the activated carbon should also be taken into account.

The precursor of ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide was synthesized by using aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) and ammonium carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃). The effects of α-Al₂O₃ seeds and mixture composed of α-Al₂O₃ and ammonium nitrate, as well as multiplex catalysts (AT) on phase transformation of alumina in sintering process were investigated respectively. The results show that the α-Al₂O₃ seeds and the mixture of α-Al₂O₃ and ammonium nitrate can lower the phase transformation temperature of α-Al₂O₃ to different extents while the particles obtained agglomerate heavily. AT has great potential synergistic effects on the phase transformation of alumina and reduces the phase transformation temperature of α-Al₂O₃ and the trends of necking-formation between particles. Therefore the dispersion of powder particles is improved significantly.

Taking the saline lake bischofite and NH₄Cl that was removed with the ammonia method and continuously followed by filtration as raw materials with a molar ratio of 1 : 1 of MgCl₂ to NH₄Cl, ammonium carnallite was synthesized. And then the ammonium carnallite was dehydrated to some extent at 160 °C for 4 h. Ammonium carnallite reacted with ammonia at 240 °C for 150 min and the ammonation ammonium carnallite was produced. Finally, the ammonation ammonium carnallite was calcined at 750 °C into anhydrous magnesium chloride containing only 0.1% (mass fraction) of MgO. On the other hand, dehydrated ammonium carnallite was mixed with the solid ammonium chloride at mass ratio 1 : 4 at high temperature and with the differential pressure of NH₃ above 30.5 kPa. The dehydrated ammonium carnallite of mixture was dehydrated at 410 °C, and then calcined at 700 °C into anhydrous magnesium chloride with only 0.087% (mass fraction) of MgO. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy analysis results prove that anhydrous magnesium chloride obtained by both methods hasn’t mixed phases, the particle is large and even has good dispersion, which is suitable for preparation of metal magnesium in the electrolysis.

A dual cell system was used to study the influence of chloride ions on the electrogenerative leaching of sulfide minerals. The results show that the influences of chloride ions on a series of electrogenerative leaching system are similar, and chlorine ion is involved in the electrogenerative leaching process of sulfide minerals directly. The output power increases with the increase of Cl⁻ concentration. The influence on the electrogenerative leaching rate decreases when the Cl⁻ concentration reaches a certain value. The mechanisms of anodic reaction are deduced based on the reasonable hypothesis, and kinetic equations with respect to chlorine ions for each sulfide mineral are obtained. The kinetic equations show that when concentration of Cl⁻ is relatively low, the electrogenerative leaching rates are predicted to have 2/5, 2/7, 1/3 and 1/3 order dependence on Cl⁻ concentration for chalcopyrite concentrate, nickel concentrate, sphalerite and galena. As concentration of Cl⁻ increases, the correlative dependence of electrogenerative leaching rate on concentration of Cl⁻ becomes weak.

Beckmann rearrangement mechanism of cyclohexanone oxime, based on the characteristic of self-catalyzed reaction and polymorphism was proposed. According to the suggested mechanism, the basic approach was the rearrangement of OXH⁺ while the SO₃ acts as dehydrating agent and OXSO₃ can turn to CPLSO₃ ultimately. Considering self-catalyzed reaction between OXSO₃ and CPLH⁺, kinetic model for Beckmann rearrangement was established. Corresponding parameters were estimated by using float genetic algorithm (GA) and simulation results agree well with the experimental data below −19.3 °C. Industrial equipment was simulated and analyzed. Effects of key process parameters such as molar ratio of sulfuric acid to oxime and circulation ratio on the residual oxime are also discussed. The results show that the caprolactam exists as CPLH⁺ finally in oleum and the minimum molecular ratio of sulfuric acid to oxime can be 0.5 theoretically.

Sn-doped In₂O₃ (ITO) nano-powders were prepared by hydrothermal-calcining process. Using SnCl₄ · 5H₂O and In as starting materials, the crystallites were characterized by XRD, TEM and BET. The effects of the conditions on the product were investigated. The results show that the phase of hydrothermal precursor obtained by hydrothermal process is related to the temperature of hydrothermal reaction, i. e., the phases are amorphous In(OH)₃ in 160–180 °C; In(OH)₃ crystal in 200 °C and (In_1−x Sn_x) OOH crystal in 200–300 °C. ITO nano-powders with hexagonal structure and average size of 65 nm are obtained by calcining the precursor derived from the hydrothermal process at 350–650 °C. The BET of ITO crystal can reach 84. 023 4 m² · g⁻¹.

The action between imidazolinyl-quaternary-ammonium-salt (IQAS) molecule and Fe atom was studied, and the influence of the alkyl group connected with N atom of imidazoline ring on corrosion inhibition efficiency was explored. Quantum chemical methods, HF/6–31 G and HF/Lan L2 dz, were applied successively to calculate the parameters such as front molecular orbit energy of IQAS I–IV and chemical adsorption for IQAS I–IV and Fe atom. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was measured with the weight loss method of carbon steel samples in acidic solution and oil field sewage. Based on the theoretical analyses and experimental results, it is concluded that N-Fe coordination bond is formed between IQAS molecule and Fe atom, corrosion inhibition efficiency is decreased in the following order (from large to small): IQAS IV, IQAS III, IQAS II, IQASI.

Based on experimental data, the energy storage performances of floor radiant heating system were investigated. The decrease of indoor air temperature after the stopping of floor heating was compared with that of fan-coil heating system. The increase of indoor air temperature after the stopping of floor cooling system was analyzed. The results show that the floor heating system has good thermal storage performance, which can be used to a night-running model to obtain the energy-saving benefits efficient and economic running cost, and still can be used for “shifting peak load to off-peak” macroscopically.

Physiological parameters of people and enact assessment standard of indoor thermal environment that are appropriate to our national conditions were explored from the perspective of physiology. From December 2005 to January 2006, nerve conduction velocities and skin temperatures of 20 healthy students were tested with questionnaire investigation. The results show that the nerve conduction velocities as well as skin temperatures present an obvious decline trend in a continuous draught, and that the nerve conduction velocities and skin temperatures have a definite linear relationship. Draught velocity is an important factor in winter that affects body comfort, and the subjects are sensitive to air velocity.

In order to enhance the efficiency of aerobic digestion, the excess sludge was irradiated by low intensity ultrasound at a frequency of 28 kHz and acoustic intensity of 0.53 W/cm². The results show that the sludge stabilization without ultrasonic treatment can be achieved after 17 d of digestion, whereas the digestion time of ultrasonic groups can be cut by 3–7 d. During the same digestion elapsing, in ultrasonic groups the total volatile suspended solid removal rate is higher than that in the control group. The kinetics of aerobic digestion of excess sludge with ultrasound can also be described with first-order reaction.

Pulsed signal experiment was carried out to determine the hydrodynamic behaviours of lateral flow biological aerated filter (LBAF). With the analysis of experimental results, LBAF is viewed as an approximate plug flow reactor, and hydraulic retention time distribution function was derived based on LBAF. The results show that flow rate and aeration strength are two critical factors which influence flow patterns in LBAF reactor. The hydrodynamic behaviour analysis of LBAF is the theoretical basis of future research on improving capacity factor and developing kinetic model for the reactor.

A kind of active vibration control method was presented based on active damping and optimization design for driving load of multibody system with quick startup and brake. Dynamical equation of multibody system with quick startup and brake and piezoelectric actuators intelligent structure was built. The optimum driving load was calculated by applying the presented method. The self-sensing and self-tuning closed-loop active vibration control in quick startup and brake process was realized. The control algorithm, using local velocity negative feedback, i. e. the output of a sensor only affects the output of the actuator collocated, can induced damping effectively to actively suppress the system vibration. Based on the optimization design for driving load of multibody system with quick startup and bake, the active damping of piezoelectric actuators intelligent structure was used to farther suppress the vibration of system. Theoretical analysis and calculation of numerical show that the proposed method makes the vibration of system decrease more than the optimal design method for driving load of multibody system.

In order to find a feasible way to control excavator’s arm and realize autonomous excavation, the dynamic model for the boom of excavator’s arm which was regarded as a planar manipulator with three degrees of freedom was constructed with Lagrange equation. The excavator was retrofitted with electrohydraulic proportional valves, associated sensors (three inclinometers) and a computer control system (the motion controller of EPEC). The full nonlinear mathematic model of electrohydraulic proportional system was achieved. A discontinuous projection based on an adaptive robust controller to approximate the nonlinear gain coefficient of the valve was presented to deal with the nonlinearity of the whole system, the error was dealt with by robust feedback and an adaptive robust controller was designed. The experiment results of the boom motion control show that, using the controller, good performance for tracking can be achieved, and the peak tracking error of boom angles is less than 4°.

The temperature of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and the stoichiometric oxygen in cathode have relationship with the performance and life span of fuel cells closely. The thermal coefficients were taken as important factors affecting the temperature distribution of fuel cells and components. According to the experimental analysis, when the stoichiometric oxygen in cathode is greater than or equal to 1.8, the stack voltage loss is the least. A novel genetic algorithm was developed to identify and optimize the variables in dynamic thermal model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, making the outputs of temperature model approximate to the actual temperature, and ensuring that the maximal error is less than 1 °C. At the same time, the optimum region of stoichiometric oxygen is obtained, which is in the range of 1.8–2.2 and accords with the experimental analysis results. The simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

The principle of energy dissipation in rock impacted by impulse loading was investigated. Associated with damage mechanics, a new method was proposed to calculate the cumulative damage of rock under a repeated loading at the damage stage, which was studied from the point of the action density of energy. The concept of abstract fractal characteristic of damage parameter was put forward based on the intrinsic physical meaning of damage, which was applied to the fragmentation phase of rock. The relationship between fractal damage and the number of fragments was set up. According to the principles of energy dissipation and dynamic fracture of rock experiencing impact load, the damage evolution equation in the fragmentation phase of rock was presented. The results of experiment show that the two methods coincide well with each other.

There are many parameters influencing mining induced surface subsidence. These parameters usually interact with one another and some of them have the characteristic of fuzziness. Current approaches to predicting the subsidence cannot take into account of such interactions and fuzziness. In order to overcome this disadvantage, many mining induced surface subsidence cases were accumulated, and an artificial neuro fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) was used to set up 4 ANFIS models to predict the rise angle, dip angle, center angle and the maximum subsidence, respectively. The fitting and generalization prediction capabilities of the models were tested. The test results show that the models have very good fitting and generalization prediction capabilities and the approach can be applied to predict the mining induced surface subsidence.

Based on various ultrasonic loss mechanisms, the formula of the cumulative mass percentage of minerals with different particle sizes was given, with which the particle size distribution was integrated into an ultrasonic attenuation model. And then the correlations between the ultrasonic attenuation and the pulp density, and the particle size were obtained. The derived model was combined with the experiment and the analysis of experimental data to determine the inverse model relating ultrasonic attenuation coefficient with size distribution. Finally, an optimization method of inverse parameter, genetic algorithm was applied for particle size distribution. The results of inverse calculation show that the precision of measurement was high.

In order to amend the superficial performance of palygorskite and improve its application, the natural palygorskite(NP) was treated in the dipping and ionic exchanging experiments using 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid treatment. The performance and pore structure of the treated palygorskite(TP) were investigated by means of microscope analyses, FT-IR, XRF, BET-SSA and full hole distribution analytical techniques. The results show that the hydrochloric acid treatment can make the gracile and aggregating compact crystal bundles inside palygorskite clay broken and dispersed, the roughness of microcrystalline surface increases, which not only can dissolve or remove dolomite but vary the superficial performance of palygorskite to some degree. The specific surface area and pore volume increase a lot, while the mean pore size decreases. The pore structure of TP changes remarkably compared with that of NP after 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid treatment, and the relevant physicochemical performance can be improved.

Assuming that road slope and landslide object are rigid, the landslide’s moving displacement was drawn based on their geometry shapes and the physi-mechanical features of materials, and the dynamic model of landslide was also set up, then DDOD(double difference observation data) was combined with the deformed monitoring point and the carrier phase observation data on base point, which can be used to monitor the landslide’s deformation rule from horizontal, vertical and directional view simultaneously. Observing equation was set up, which sufficiently reflects the activities of landslide in entire directions. Filter model includes some information such as mechanical state and GPS observing data by Kalman filter.