The nano-Bi₂O₃ powders were prepared by a chemical precipitation method with Bi(NO₃)₃, HNO₃ and NaOH as reactants. The structural characteristics and morphology of nano-Bi₂O₃ powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The results show that under the optimum condition that 300 g/L Bi(NO₃)₃ reacts at 90°C for 2 h, the Bi₂O₃ powders with 60 nm on the average and 99.5% in purity are obtained. The prepared nano-Bi₂O₃ powders contain a mixed crystal structure of monoclinic and triclinic instead of traditional structure of monoclinic α-Bi₂O₃. And the mixed crystal structure is stable in air. The reason for the appearance of the mixed crystal structure may be that the ionic radius ratio of Bi³⁺ to O²⁻ changes easily during the formation of nano-Bi₂O₃ particles by a chemical precipitation method.

L-lactide was prepared from L-lactic acid with stannous octoate as the catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature and pressure on the ingredient of crude lactide were investigated. The results show that the mass fraction of meso-lactide increases with the increasing reaction temperature. Crude lactide containing 85.4% L-lactide is obtained when the reaction temperature is 200 °C. High purity of L-lactide with a yield of 40.6% is obtained by synthetic purifying method. The properties of L-lactide are characterized by optical purity, infrared spectrum and gas chromatogram/mass spectrum. The L-lactide samples purified by recrystallization and synthetic purifying methods are polymerized with the catalyst of stannous octoate, and the corresponding viscosity average relative molecular masses of poly(L-lactide) are 2.85×10⁵ and 5.05×10⁵, respectively. This indicates that the optical purity of L-lactide has great influence on the relative molecular mass of poly(L-lactide).

Lanthanum titanate (La_2/3TiO₃) powders were synthesized by hydrothermal method based on the reaction of TiO₂, La(NO₃)₃ and KOH at 160 °C for 24 h followed by the treatment of acidification. The microstructure, morphology and dielectric properties were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and impedance method. The results show that the La_2/3 TiO₃ particles consist of nearly homogenous and lamellar grains. The particles can be sintered into porous ceramics above 1150 °C. The dielectric properties of La_2/3 TiO₃ show that both the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss tangent decrease with the increase of frequency.

The interface plays the central role in the failure analysis of composite laminates, therefore, the interface material properties are taken as the independent parameters. A simple, universal and practicable criterion, i.e. a ratio criterion of strain energy release rate, is proposed to determine the growing direction of a fatigue crack in the composite laminates. The method of arbitrary lines, which is very effective to solve the problems with high gradient feature, is used to analyze the experimental results at the key moments when a crack kinks, turns into the interface, or bifurcates. An approximate method of computing the energy release rate is given. The fatigue fracture tests of composite laminates are carried out, and the numerical predictions of crack growing directions agree well with the experimental results. It is concluded that the methods suggested in this paper are effective to obtain the cracking history and the growing path of a fatigue crack in composite laminates.

Fe-Al/Cr₃C₂ coatings were sprayed on low steel by high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) technology. The influences of oxides on erosion, corrosion and wear behavior for high velocity arc sprayed Fe-Al/Cr₃C₂ coatings were studied. The results show that HVAS-sprayed Fe-Al/Cr₃C₂ coatings have good erosion, heat corrosion and wear resistance. The erosion resistance improves with the increase of the temperature. On one hand, the ferrous oxides are incompact, so they peel off the surface of the coatings easily during the high temperature erosion. On the other hand, compact Al₂O₃ films on the surface can protect the coatings.

The preparation technique and properties of Ag-type inorganic antibiotic material carried by Al₂O₃ were studied. The results show that the material has good antibiotic and safety properties, the acute toxicity taken by stomata is LD₅₀>8 000 mg/kg (little and big white rats), and the normal quantity in subacute toxicity test is 80 mg/(kg · d). The better mass fraction of doping Ag₂O in antibiotic material carried by Al₂O₃ is 4%–8%, and the optimal sintering temperature is from 1 000 °C to 1 100 °C.

Piezoelectric ceramics (Na_0.5Bi_0.5)_0.92Ba_0.08TiO₃+x%MnCO₃ (BNBT-Mn, x=0−1.6, mass fraction) were synthesized by conventional solid state reaction. The results show that when the addition of MnCO₃ is 0 – 1.4%, BNBT-Mn ceramics exhibit a single-phase perovskite structure. With the increase of content of MnCO₃, piezoelectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor increase rapidly when x is lower than 0.3. Then they both decrease when x is in the range of 0.3 and 1.6. When x=0.3, piezoelectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor reach the maximum value of 160 pC/N and 58.5% respectively, which can improve the temperature stability of BNBT-Mn.

The injection molding products with different volume ratios of ZrO₂ ceramic powder to 316L stainless steel powder were prepared. Properties and structure of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the compressive stress exists in the products and the bend strength reaches 300 MPa. ZrO₂ phase and stainless steel phase are uniform in samples. The toughness of ceramic increases with the increasing the content of stainless steel. Through TEM study of the interface, some crystalline orientation relationships are determined.

According to the characters of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) plastic, the spinnerets with three kinds of different structure were designed. The effects of spinneret structure on the melt spinning conditions, melt flow instability of the screw extrusion, and the performance of PEEK fibers were studied. The results show that the appropriate screw extrusion temperature is 370–385°C. The PEEK fibers extruded using the spinnerets with L/D=6, 8 holes and 0.5 mm in diameter have better performances. The performances of PEEK fibers are related to the diameter of the spinneret hole. Increasing the L/D value of the spinnerets can not always improve the surface quality and the performances of PEEK fibers. The extrusion pressure is about 50% of that of the spinneret with 12 holes and 0.3 mm in diameter.

Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B alloy (atom fraction) was extruded at temperatures (T_α) of 1 250 and 1 330 °C, respectively. The method of adding a thermal insulating layer was used to overcome the problem associated with the flow stress mismatch between the can and the billet during extrusion. Effects of two kinds of insulations, ZrO₂ powders and silica fibers, on the quality of extrude bar along the radial direction were studied, and the process parameters were optimized by combining with finite element method (FEM). Tensile properties of the extruded alloy at room and elevated temperature were tested. The results show that the silica fibers has better thermal insulating property than ZrO₂ powders. The temperature distribution in radial is more homogeneous using silica fibers. The alloy has a good balance of yield strength and room temperature ductility and the values are 680 MPa and 3.5%, respectively.

Based on the numerical simulation of solidification, a computer aid design (CAD) software package of casting technique was developed to design the rising system intelligently. The software can calculate the size and locate the situations of the isolated melts. According to the liquid shrinkage of each isolated melts and the standard parameters of risers in the database, the riser’s situation and the size can be identified intelligently as long as the riser’s shape is selected. 3-D software and simulation analysis of CAST soft/computer aid engineering (CAE) software show that the design of the riser and the running system is feasible.

4.25Cu-0.75Ni/NiFe₂O₄ cermets were prepared by doping NiFe₂O₄ ceramic matrix with the mixed powders of Cu and Ni or Cu-Ni alloy powder as the electrical conducting metallic elements. The effects of technological parameters, such as the adding modes of metallic elements, the ball milling time, the sintering time and the sintering temperature, on the relative density and resistivity of the cermets were studied. The results show that the resistivity of 4.25Cu-0.75Ni/NiFe₂O₄ cermets decreases with increasing temperature, and has a turning point at 590 °C, which is similar to that of NiFe₂O₄ ceramic. The sintering temperature and adding modes of metallic elements have a great influence on the properties of 4.25Cu-0.75Ni/NiFe₂O₄ cermets. When the sintering temperature increases from 1200 °C to 1300 °C, the relative density increases from 89.86% to 95.33%, and the resistivity at 960 °C decreases from 0.11 Ω · cm to 0.03 Ω · cm, respectively. When the metallic elements are added with the mixed powders of Cu and Ni, the cermets of finely and uniformly dispersed metallic phase, high density and electric conductivity are obtained. The relative density and resistivity at 960 °C are 90.23% and 0.04 Ω · cm respectively for the cermet samples sintered at 1200 °C for 2 h, which are both better than those of the cermets prepared under the same technique conditions but with the metallic elements added as 85Cu-15Ni alloy powders.

Sodium sulfide leaching of a low-grade jamesonite concentrate in the production of sodium pyroantimoniate through the air oxidation process and the influencing factors on the leaching rate of antimony were investigated. In order to decrease the consumption of sodium sulfide and increase the concentration of antimony in the leaching solution, two-stage leaching of jamesonite concentrate and combination leaching of high-grade stibnite concentrate and jamesonite concentrate were used. The experimental results show that the consumptions of sodium sulfide for the two-stage leaching process and the combination leaching process are decreased by 20% and 60% compared to those of one-stage leaching process respectively. The final concentrations of antimony in the leaching solutions of both processes are above 100 g/L.

Based on the principle of thermal balance and material balance of lime furnace, the reaction and heat transfer process mathematical-physical model and the on-line monitoring model of the decomposition rate of limestone were set up. With this model, numerical simulation is used to analyze the effects of operational parameters on the process of lime calcining and to optimize it. By using visual basic program to communicate and program, the centralized management and automatic control of the lime furnace are realized. The software is put into practical production, which makes the lime furnace operate steadily and efficiently, and causes the increase in output and decrease in energy consumption.

Aimed at the problem of classification of non-hydrocarbons of crude oil, the theoretical standpoint that the polarity of a compound depends on the whole structure and composition of molecule instead of a kind of heteroatom or its functional group was presented. A method was established for the systematically structural identification of nitric compounds in crude oil. The pre-fractionation of a crude oil sample into 7 fractions was performed by diadsorption column chromatography with neutral aluminum oxide and silica gel. Subsequently, the individual components were obtained by using capillary column gas chromatography, and the types of compounds were detected by a mass spectrometer. In combination with a chemometric resolution, the compounds of fraction were further identified. This method can relieve the difficulty of classical analysis in identifying those species with very low contents or without being completely separated. The structures of 168 nitric compounds in a crude oil sample were determined by this method.

Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers was quantitatively determined by high performance chromatography (HPLC) with ODS-C₁₈ column. A mixture of CH₃CN - CH₃OH -CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ with volume ratio of 55 : 1 : 44 was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection was carried out at 460 nm. The column temperature was about 20°C. The contents of lutein and lutein esters were determined by analytical curve of lutein since lutein and lutein esters have the same spectral characteristics. Determination results of hexane extracts and saponified samples of lutein show that the saponification transforms the esters into free lutein. The increase of the content of dipalmitate and palmitate stearate reveals that the reaction includes transesterifications.

Vanadium pentoxide xerogel films used for lithium rechargeable batteries were prepared from crystalline c-V₂O₅ by melt quenching method, then the electrochemical process of lithium intercalation into vanadium pentoxide xerogel films was simulated with an equivalent circuit model, which was derived from the mechanism of electrode reactions. Measured electrochemical impedance spectra at various electrode potentials were analyzed by using the complex non-linear least-squares fitting method. The results show that impedance spectra consist of 2 high-to-medium frequency depressed arcs and a low frequency straight line. The high frequency arc is attributed to the absorption reaction of lithium ions into the oxide film, the medium frequency arc is attributed to the charge transfer reaction at the vanadium oxide/electrolyte interface and the low frequency is characterized by a straight line with a phase angle of 45° corresponding to the diffusion of lithium ion through vanadium oxide phase. The experimental and calculated results are compared and discussed focusing on the electrochemical performance and the state of charge of the electrode. Moreover, the high consistence of the fitted values of the model to the experimental data indicates that this mathematical model does give a satisfying description of the intercalation process of vanadium pentoxide xerogel films.

The preparation of X-zeolite powder was investigated in hydrothermal system, the crystal growth process of X-zeolite in hydrothermal condition was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and infrared ray. The results show that X-zeolite powder with uniform granularity and intact crystal shape can be obtained in hydrothermal system of acid-treated stellerite-NaOH-NaAl(OH)₄-H₂O; the crystallite size is in the range of 2–3 µm. The best reaction time of hydrothermal preparation is 6 h. The formation phases of X-zeolite crystal are as follows: dissolution of feedstocks → formation of [SiO₄]⁴⁻ and [AlO₄]⁵⁻ tetrahedron, many-membered ring, β cage → formation of crystal nucleus and nano-particle → aggregation growth of nano-particle → coalescence growth of crystallite. The crystal habits of X-zeolite are intimately related with crystallization orientation of β cage in crystal and with its coupling stability on every crystal face family.

With Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ as polishing medium, under different polishing conditions, e.g. with different polishing pressure, polishing time and polishing fluid, the influences of polishing treatment on the return loss of optical fiber connectors were investigated. The return loss of optical fiber connectors is 32–38 dB before polishing. The results show that dry polishing (i.e. no polishing fluid) with Al₂O₃ has less influence on return loss of optical fiber connectors, while dry polishing with SiO₂ reduces return loss to about 20 dB because of the end-face of optical fiber contaminated. The wet polishing(i.e. using distilled water as polishing fluid) with Al₂O₃ or SiO₂ can increase return loss to 45–50 dB, but wet polishing with Al₂O₃ may produce optical fiber undercut depth of 80–140 nm. Wet polishing with SiO₂ should be preferentially selected for optical fiber connectors and polishing time should be controlled within 20–30 s.

A new hybrid piezoelectric ultrasonic motor, which consists of one rotor and two stators, was proposed in this paper. In order to match the resonance frequencies of longitudinal vibration and torsional vibration excited in the stators, a symmetrical structure was adopted in design of the motor. A so-called mass matching method, namely adding two rings to the outside circumference of the two stators respectively, was used to adjust the resonance frequencies of these two vibrations. A finite element model was developed using ANSYS software for the purpose of analyzing the resonance frequencies of longitudinal vibration and torsional vibration as well as the function of the adjusting rings. The results show that the resonance frequency of torsional vibration varies with the position of the ring, but the resonance frequency of longitudinal vibration changes little. By means of adjusting the mass and the position of the rings, the first order resonance frequency of longitudinal vibration is coincided with that of torsional vibration and the value is 20. 75 kHz. An experimental prototype motor was fabricated according to the analytical results and its performance is in agreement with the theoretical predictions. The speed of motor reaches the maximum 92 r/min at the working frequency 19.0 kHz.

Focused on the dynamics problems of a lunar lander during landing process, the whole process was analysed in detail, and the linear elastic model of the moon soil was established by means of experiments-analogic method. Combining the way of elastic impact with the way of velocity replacement, the dynamics model of damping free vibration dynamics model with 3-degree of freedom(DOF) for lunar lander is obtained according to the vibration mechanics elementary theory. Based on Lagrange equations and the energy principle, the damping free vibration differential equations for the lunar lander with 3-DOF are derived and the equations are solved in simulation ways by means of ADAMS software. The conclusions obtained can be used for the design and manufacture of lunar lander.

Based on Hertz theory of elastic contact and the design theory of ball bearings, a new type of rolling coupling was designed. The two halves of the rolling coupling can be moved relatively by a small axial force when a great moment is exerted on it. The rolling coupling was used to connect the principal axis and the decelerator of continuous extrusion machine and it can greatly decrease the harmful axial forces on the continuous machine. The engineering formulas for the contact stress and distance of approach of the rolling elements were deduced and the method for designing the rolling couplings was proposed. The formulas for the forces exerted on the rolling element were verified by the experiment.

Based on the study of ore deposits and orebody structures of two sedimentary-exhalative ore deposits, i.e., Changba and Xitieshan Ore Deposits, it is found that the structural patterns of metallogenic basin of seafloor exhalative sulfide deposits in the ancient graben systems are controlled by relay structures in normal faults. The shapes of metallogenic basins are composed of tilting ramp, fault-tip ramp and relay ramp, which dominate migration of gravity current of ore-hosted fluid and shape of orebody sedimentary fan in the ramp. By measuring and comparing the difference of length-to-thickness ratios of orebody sedimentary fan, the result shows that the occurrence of the ramp has a remarkable impact on the shape of orebody.

A simplified mechanical model of ultra-high pillar was established and its potential energy expression was derived under axial load on the basis of energy theory. Under critical conditions according to the nonlinear theory, the critical behaviors and the forming mechanism of pillar instability were discussed by external disturbance, such as stresses waves by blasting, axial force eccentricity ratherish and imperfections in pillar. The results show that the micro-disturbances attenuate with time and they are independence each other when pillar is in the stability state. Their effects on the stability of system are inessential. The correlation degree of disturbances increases sharply and various micro-disturbances are relative and nested reciprocally when the system is in critical state and they also cooperate with each other, which induces system to reach a new state.

A new algorithm using orthogonal polynomials and sample moments was presented for estimating probability curves directly from experimental or field data of rock variables. The moments estimated directly from a sample of observed values of a random variable could be conventional moments (moments about the origin or central moments) and probability-weighted moments (PWMs). Probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and conventional moments are probability density functions (PDF), and probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and PWMs are inverse cumulative density functions (CDF) of random variables. The proposed approach is verified by two most commonly-used theoretical standard distributions; normal and exponential distribution. Examples from observed data of uniaxial compressive strength of a rock and concrete strength data are presented for illustrative purposes. The results show that probability curves of rock variable can be accurately derived from orthogonal polynomials and sample moments. Orthogonal polynomials and PWMs enable more secure inferences to be made from relatively small samples about an underlying probability curve.

Dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under static-dynamic loading were studied. The effects of initial static load on the total energy dissipated during the failure process of specimen were analyzed. To simulate the engineering situation that in-situ rock experienced and obtain the dynamic loading with an intermediate strain rate, a low cycle fatigue load with the frequency from 0.5 to 5 Hz was adopted by servo-controlled Instron material testing system. The results show that the obtained strain rate increase with the increase of load frequency. The initial static load has great influence on both the energy and dynamic response of rock. Both the energy and the maximum failure load P_f decreases with the increase of initial static load. P_f under the static-dynamic loading is larger than that under only the static loading but less than that under only the dynamic loading. The load-displacement curves become nonlinear as the pre-added static load reaches the transition point which is about one third of static strength. With the increase of initial static load, Young’s modulus decreases and poisson ratio increases. It shows that rock has a lower strength and a tendency to soften under a higher initial static load. Rock may be broken more easily static-dynamic loading than under only the dynamic loading. The proposed method is useful in the investigation of constitutive relationship and failure behavior of rock under quasi-dynamic loading.