Advances in spodumene flotation: reagents, processes, and equipment from a sustainable development perspective

Abstract

The rapid growth of the battery industry and clean energy transition has significantly increased lithium demand. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic assessment (TEA) indicate that spodumene processing shows no clear advantage over brine extraction in environmental impact or cost; however, due to its high Li₂O grade and mature technologies, spodumene remains the most economically valuable hard-rock lithium resource and a stable supply source. Flotation is the primary method for spodumene beneficiation. This review summarizes the fundamental properties of spodumene and key flotation factors, including grinding, pretreatment, and pulp characteristics. The (110) and (001) planes dominate flotation behavior, with wet grinding and rod milling favoring (110) surface formation. Alkaline pretreatment enhances flotation by increasing active Al sites. Parameters such as pH, temperature, and dissolved ions significantly affect flotation, although systematic studies remain limited. Progress in flotation reagents, processes, and equipment is reviewed. Current research focuses on selective, low-temperature-resistant, and environmentally friendly collectors, while modifier systems and activator effects (e.g., Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) are also discussed. Future research should integrate flotation fundamentals with systematic reagent – process – equipment design and sustainability evaluation.

Keywords

spodumene / surface features / flotation process / flotation reagents / solution chemistry / flotation kinetics / life-cycle assessment

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