Current status and prospects of research on composite dynamic disasters of coal-rock gas in deep mining

Abstract

Deep coal mining has become increasingly routine, and its complex geomechanical environment has led to higher intensity and frequency of rock bursts and coal and gas outbursts, while also resulting in more diverse disaster types, with their coupling giving rise to more destructive compound disasters. Therefore, investigating and elucidating the disaster-causing mechanisms of coal-rock-gas compound disasters, developing effective monitoring and early-warning systems, and exploring novel mitigation technologies are crucial for ensuring safe and efficient mine operations. This study systematically reviews the research progress and current status of coal-rock-gas compound disasters, comprehensively analyzes and summarizes three primary controlling factors influencing compound disasters: objective factors, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors. Based on the driving force sources, triggering and transformation sequence, and duration, the disaster formation model of coal-rock-gas compound disasters is refined. The full-cycle incubation and evolution process of coal-rock-gas compound disasters is dissected, and the inducing and transformation mechanisms underlying their occurrence are revealed, and the occurrence thresholds of compound disasters are defined. Based on the evolution patterns of overlying strata structures and gas distribution characteristics, coal-rock-gas compound disasters are classified into impact-induced outburst type and outburst-induced impact type. The study comprehensively describes the multi-source monitoring approaches for coal-rock-gas compound disasters, as well as a multi-parameter integrated early-warning system. A technical system integrating regional prevention and local risk mitigation for outburst elimination and rockburst pressure reduction is summarized, and a novel concept of compound disaster prevention and control based on structural regulation is proposed. The study discusses key technical challenges in the research on coal-rock-gas compound disasters, such as multi-field coupling mechanism studies, development of similar materials, refined geological exploration and modeling, optimization of monitoring and early-warning models, and exploration of novel prevention and control technologies, with the aim of further advancing research in the field of coal-rock-gas compound disasters, thereby ensuring the safe and efficient extraction of deep coal resources.

Keywords

coal-rock-gas compound dynamic disasters / primary controlling factors / inducing and transformation mechanisms / disaster types / monitoring and early-warning / integrated prevention and control technologies

References

[1] Xie H-P. Research review of the state key research development program of China: Deep rock mechanics and mining theory [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2019, 44(5): 1283-1305(in Chinese)

[2] He M-c, Xie H-p, Peng S-p, et al. . Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering. 2005, 24(16): 2803-2813(in Chinese)

[3] Pan Y-S. Disturbance response instability theory of rockburst in coal mine [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2018, 43(8): 2091-2098(in Chinese)

[4] He X-q, Zhou C, Song D-z, et al. . Mechanism and monitoring and early warning technology for rockburst in coal mines [J]. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2021, 28(7): 1097-1111

[5] Cai W, Bai X-x, Si G-y, et al. . A monitoring investigation into rock burst mechanism based on the coupled theory of static and dynamic stresses [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2020, 53(12): 5451-5471

[6] Yuan L. Control of coal and gas outbursts in Huainan mines in China: A review [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2016, 8(4): 559-567

[7] Zhang X, Tang J-p, Pan Y-s, et al. . Experimental study on intensity and energy evolution of deep coal and gas outburst [J]. Fuel. 2022, 324: 124484

[8] Du F, Wang K, Zhang X, et al. . Experimental study of coal-gas outburst: Insights from coal-rock structure, gas pressure and adsorptivity [J]. Natural Resources Research. 2020, 29(4): 2481-2493

[9] Zhao T-b, Guo W-y, Tan Y-l, et al. . Case studies of rock bursts under complicated geological conditions during multi-seam mining at a depth of 800 m [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2018, 51(5): 1539-1564

[10] Pan Y-s, Song Y-m, Luo H, et al. . Coalbursts in China: Theory, practice and management [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2024, 16(1): 1-25

[11] Wang K, Du F. Coal-gas compound dynamic disasters in China: A review [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2020, 133: 1-17

[12] Chen X-j, Li L-y, Wang L, et al. . The current situation and prevention and control countermeasures for typical dynamic disasters in kilometer-deep mines in China [J]. Safety Science. 2019, 115: 229-236

[13] Wang Z. Study on new classification and induction and transforming conditions of dynamic sisasters in coal mine [D]. 2010, Chongqing, China, Chongqing University(in Chinese)

[14] Cook N G W. A note on rockbursts considered as a problem of stability [J]. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 1965, 65: 437-446

[15] Hodot B B. Outburst of coal and coalbed gas (Chinese translation) [M]. 1966, Beijing, China, China Coal Industry PressSONG Shi-zhao, WANG You-an, trans

[16] Askaripour M, Saeidi A, Rouleau A, et al. . Rockburst in underground excavations: A review of mechanism, classification, and prediction methods [J]. Underground Space. 2022, 7(4): 577-607

[17] Iannacchione A T, Demarco M J. Optimum mine design to minimize coal bumps: A review of past and present U. S. practices [C]. Proc. Soc. Mining Eng. Ann. Meet.. 1992235247

[18] Zhang X, Tang J-p, Pan Y-s, et al. . Quantitative analysis of energy competition in deep coal rock outburst-rockburst compound dynamic disasters [J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2025, 324: 111256

[19] Zhang M-t, Xu Z-h, Pan Y-s, et al. . A unified theory of instability for impact ground pressure and protrusion [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 1991, 16(4): 48-53(in Chinese)

[20] Li T, Cai M-f, Wang J-a, et al. . Discussion on relativity between rockburst and gas in deep exploitation [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2005, 30(5): 562-567(in Chinese)

[21] Wei X-j, Lin B-q, Zhang J-g, et al. . Mechanism of coal and gas outburst disaster and comprehensive control technology [M]. 2008, Beijing, China, Science Press(in Chinese)

[22] ZHANG Fu-wang, LI Tie. Conginzance on compound dynamic is disaster of coal and gas in deep mining [J]. Zhongzhou Coal, 2009(4): 73–76. (in Chinese)

[23] Gao Z-hong. Study on the coupling law and prediction technology of mining impact and outburst danger in isolated island [D]. 2011, Beijing, China, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing(in Chinese)

[24] Zhang J-guo. Study on the disaster mechanism and prevention key technologies of deep mine dynamic disasters in Pingdingshan Coal Mine [D]. 2012, Xuzhou, China, China University of Mining and Technology(in Chinese)

[25] Yuan R-fu. Features of dynamic disasters combined rockburst and gas outburst in deep coal mine and its preventive measures [J]. Coal Science and Technology. 2013, 41(8): 6-10(in Chinese)

[26] Wang T, Wang Z-h, Liu H-b, et al. . Discussion about the mechanism of gas disaster induced by coal bump [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2014, 39(2): 371-376(in Chinese)

[27] Pan Y-S. Integrated study on compound dynamic disaster of coal-gas outburst and rockburst [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2016, 41(1): 105-112(in Chinese)

[28] Zhu L-y, Pan Y-s, Li Z-h, et al. . Mechanisms of rockburst and outburst compound disaster in deep mine [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2018, 43(11): 3042-3050(in Chinese)

[29] Zhao W, Dong H-z, Yuan Y, et al. . Evolution law of coal and gas outburst hole shapes with varying underground stress conditions: Numerical analysis and onscene evidence [J]. Fuel. 2024, 360: 130531

[30] Zhao W, Cheng Y-p, Jiang H-n, et al. . Role of the rapid gas desorption of coal powders in the development stage of outbursts [J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2016, 28: 491-501

[31] Wang E-y, Kong X-g, He X-q, et al. . Dynamics analysis and damage constitute equation of triaxial coal mass under impact load [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2019, 44(7): 2049-2056(in Chinese)

[32] Lu J, Yin G-z, Gao H, et al. . True triaxial experimental study of disturbed compound dynamic disaster in deep underground coal mine [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2020, 53(5): 2347-2364

[33] Li Z-h, Zhang Y, Liang Y. Mechanism study on compound disaster of rock burst and gas outburst [J]. Coal Science and Technology. 2021, 49(7): 95-103(in Chinese)

[34] Shu L-y, Yuan L, Li Q-x, et al. . Response characteristics of gas pressure under simultaneous static and dynamic load: Implication for coal and gas outburst mechanism [J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 2023, 33(2): 155-171

[35] He D, Li S-g, Kong X-g, et al. . Effects of dynamic impact on microstructure evolution and permeability enhancement of coal [J]. Energy & Fuels. 2025, 39(23): 11099-11109

[36] Kong X-g, He D, Liu X-f, et al. . Strain characteristics and energy dissipation laws of gas-bearing coal during impact fracture process [J]. Energy. 2022, 242: 123028

[37] Li S-g, He D, Kong X-g, et al. . Relationship between micro-pores fractal characteristics about NMR T2 spectra and macro cracks fractal laws based on box dimension method of coal under impact load from energy dissipation theory [J]. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 2024, 189: 115685

[38] Zang Z-s, Li Z-h, Zhao E-l, et al. . Electric potential response characteristics and constitutive model of coal under axial static load–dynamic load coupling [J]. Natural Resources Research. 2023, 32(6): 2821-2844

[39] Soleimani F, Si G-y, Roshan H, et al. . Numerical modelling of coal and gas outburst initiation using energy balance principles [J]. Fuel. 2023, 334: 126687

[40] Lei Y, Cheng Y-p, Ren T, et al. . The energy principle of coal and gas outbursts: Experimentally evaluating the role of gas desorption [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2021, 54(1): 11-30

[41] Lei Y, Cheng Y-p, Ren T, et al. . Experimental investigation on the mechanism of coal and gas outburst: Novel insights on the formation and development of coal spallation [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2021, 54(11): 5807-5825

[42] Wang H-w, Shi R-m, Deng D-x, et al. . Characteristic of stress evolution on fault surface and coal bursts mechanism during the extraction of longwall face in Yima mining area, China [J]. Journal of Structural Geology. 2020, 136: 104071

[43] Li W, Ren T-w, Busch A, et al. . Architecture, stress state and permeability of a fault zone in Jiulishan coal mine, China: Implication for coal and gas outbursts [J]. International Journal of Coal Geology. 2018, 198: 1-13

[44] Jia C, Lai X-p, Cui F, et al. . Mining pressure distribution law and disaster prevention of isolated island working face under the condition of hard “umbrella arch” [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2024, 57(10): 8323-8341

[45] Yan H, Li G-c, Li Y-q, et al. . Stress evolution characteristics of the intensively mining-induced surrounding roadways within an extra-thick coal seam: A case study from the Tashan coal mine, China [J]. Journal of Central South University. 2023, 30(11): 3840-3854

[46] Lu J, Zhang D-m, Huang G, et al. . Effects of loading rate on the compound dynamic disaster in deep underground coal mine under true triaxial stress [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2020, 134: 104453

[47] Qiu J-d, Li D-y, Li X-b, et al. . Numerical investigation on the stress evolution and failure behavior for deep roadway under blasting disturbance [J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2020, 137: 106278

[48] Chang W-b, Fan S-w, Zhang L, et al. . A model based on explosive stress wave and tectonic coal zone which gestate dangerous state of coal and gas outburst [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2014, 39(11): 2226-2231(in Chinese)

[49] Chen B, Zheng W-t, Liang H-d, et al. . Interaction of earthquake activity and gas accident in coal mining underground [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2005, 30(4): 447-450(in Chinese)

[50] Li T, Cai M F, Cai M. Earthquake-induced unusual gas emission in coalmines: A km-scale in-situ experimental investigation at Laohutai mine [J]. International Journal of Coal Geology. 2007, 71(2–3): 209-224

[51] Lu S-Q. Mechanical failure and permeability evolution mechanism of coal based on equivalent matrix scale and lts application [D]. 2016, Xuzhou, China, China University of Mining and Technology(in Chinese)

[52] Wang C-h, Cheng Y-P. Role of coal deformation energy in coal and gas outburst: A review [J]. Fuel. 2023, 332: 126019

[53] An F-h, Cheng Y-p, Wang L, et al. . A numerical model for outburst including the effect of adsorbed gas on coal deformation and mechanical properties [J]. Computers and Geotechnics. 2013, 54: 222-231

[54] Du F, Wang K. Unstable failure of gas-bearing coal-rock combination bodies: Insights from physical experiments and numerical simulations [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2019, 129: 264-279

[55] Song Z-x, Zhang J-w, Wang S-y, et al. . Energy evolution characteristics and weak structure-“energy flow” impact damaged mechanism of deep-bedded sandstone [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2023, 56(3): 2017-2047

[56] Ren H, Pan Y-s, Song Y-m, et al. . Critical conditions of coalburst in a rectangular roadway based on the energy extreme point method [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2024, 57(12): 10731-10745

[57] Shu L-y, Wang K, Liu Z-s, et al. . A novel physical model of coal and gas outbursts mechanism: Insights into the process and initiation criterion of outbursts [J]. Fuel. 2022, 323: 124305

[58] Xue S, Zheng C-s, Zheng X-l, et al. . Experimental determination of the outburst threshold value of energy strength in coal mines for mining safety [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2020, 138: 263-268

[59] Jiang L-s, Wu Q-s, Wu Q-l, et al. . Fracture failure analysis of hard and thick key layer and its dynamic response characteristics [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2019, 98: 118-130

[60] Zhang J-w, Dong X-k, Bai J-j, et al. . The mechanism and prevention of rockburst induced by the instability of the composite hard-roof coal structure and roof fractures [J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2024, 310: 110512

[61] Wang W, Cheng Y-p, Wang H-f, et al. . Fracture failure analysis of hard–thick sandstone roof and its controlling effect on gas emission in underground ultra-thick coal extraction [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2015, 54: 150-162

[62] Kong X-g, Wang E-y, Li S-g, et al. . Dynamic mechanical characteristics and fracture mechanism of gas-bearing coal based on SHPB experiments [J]. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. 2020, 105: 102395

[63] Liu X-f, Cai D-k, Gu Z-j, et al. . Analysis of progressive damage and energy consumption characteristics of gas-bearing coal under cyclic dynamic loads [J]. Energy. 2024, 306: 132419

[64] Chen L-p, Wang L, Liu H-q, et al. . Energy dissipation and crack propagation in gas-containing coal under impact loading: An experimental study [J]. Powder Technology. 2024, 441: 119813

[65] Cao J, Sun H-t, Wang B, et al. . A novel large-scale three-dimensional apparatus to study mechanisms of coal and gas outburst [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2019, 118: 52-62

[66] Yang X-l, Wen G-c, Sun H-t, et al. . Development and application of simulation experimental system for impact dynamic effect and disaster-causing characteristics of coal and gas outburst [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2023, 48(10): 3731-3749(in Chinese)

[67] Lu S-q, Wang C-f, Liu Q-q, et al. . Numerical assessment of the energy instability of gas outburst of deformed and normal coal combinations during mining [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2019, 132: 351-366

[68] He H, Dou L-m, Gong S-y, et al. . Microseismic and electromagnetic coupling method for coal bump risk assessment based on dynamic static energy principles [J]. Safety Science. 2019, 114: 30-39

[69] Du J-s, Chen J, Pu Y-y, et al. . Risk assessment of dynamic disasters in deep coal mines based on multi-source, multi-parameter indexes, and engineering application [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2021, 155: 575-586

[70] Li X-l, Wang E-y, Li Z-h, et al. . Rock burst monitoring by integrated microseismic and electromagnetic radiation methods [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2016, 49(11): 4393-4406

[71] Di Y-y, Wang E-y, Huang T. Identification method for microseismic, acoustic emission and electromagnetic radiation interference signals of rock burst based on deep neural networks [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2023, 170: 105541

[72] Wang R, Chen S-j, Li X-l, et al. . AdaBoost-driven multi-parameter real-time warning of rock burst risk in coal mines [J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 2023, 125: 106591

[73] Wang W, Wang H-p, Zhang B, et al. . Coal and gas outburst prediction model based on extension theory and its application [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2021, 154: 329-337

[74] Li Z-h, Wang E-y, Ou J-c, et al. . Hazard evaluation of coal and gas outbursts in a coal-mine roadway based on logistic regression model [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2015, 80: 185-195

[75] Zhang C-h, Chen J-q, Wu X, et al. . Poset-based risk identification method for rockburst-induced coal and gas outburst [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2022, 168: 872-882

[76] Zhang G-r, Wang E-y, Zhang C-l, et al. . A comprehensive risk assessment method for coal and gas outburst in underground coal mines based on variable weight theory and uncertainty analysis [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2022, 167: 97-111

[77] Cai W, Dou L-m, Zhang M, et al. . A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methodology for rock burst forecasting using microseismic monitoring [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2018, 80: 232-245

[78] Wu S-k, Zhang J-w, Song Z-x, et al. . Review of the development status of rock burst disaster prevention system in China [J]. Journal of Central South University. 2023, 30(11): 3763-3789

[79] Zhao J-li. Research on full-seam mining adopted roadway layout of stagger arrangement in thick coal seam [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2004, 29(2): 142-145(in Chinese)

[80] Li Z-l, Dou L-m, Cai W, et al. . Roadway stagger layout for effective control of gob-side rock bursts in the longwall mining of a thick coal seam [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2016, 49(2): 621-629

[81] He M-C. Theory and engineering practice for non-pillars mining with automagical entry formation and 110 mining method [J]. Journal of Mining & Safety Engineering. 2023, 40(5): 869-881(in Chinese)

[82] Tao Z-g, Song Z-g, He M-c, et al. . Principles of the roof cut short-arm beam mining method (110 method) and its mining-induced stress distribution [J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 2018, 28(3): 391-396

[83] Li X H, Yao Q L, Ding X L. Stability principle and technology of narrow coal pillar surrounding rock of roadway driving along goaf [J]. Mining Support. 2008, 2: 1-9

[84] Zha W-h, Shi H, Liu S, et al. . Surrounding rock control of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar and roadway side sealing technology in Yangliu Coal Mine [J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 2017, 27(5): 819-823

[85] Zhang Q, He M-c, Guo S, et al. . Investigation on the key techniques and application of the new-generation automatically formed roadway without coal pillars by roof cutting [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2022, 152: 105058

[86] Lu A-l, Song D-z, Li Z-l, et al. . Numerical simulation study on pressure-relief effect of protective layer mining in coal seams prone to rockburst hazard [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2024, 57(8): 6421-6440

[87] Liu H-b, Cheng Y-P. The elimination of coal and gas outburst disasters by long distance lower protective seam mining combined with stress-relief gas extraction in the Huaibei coal mine area [J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2015, 27: 346-353

[88] Xia B-w, Zhou Y-m, Zhang X-g, et al. . Physical and numerical investigations of target stratum selection for ground hydraulic fracturing of multiple hard roofs [J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 2024, 34(5): 699-712

[89] Li N, Huang B-x, Zhang X, et al. . Characteristics of microseismic waveforms induced by hydraulic fracturing in coal seam for coal rock dynamic disasters prevention [J]. Safety Science. 2019, 115: 188-198

[90] Zhang L, Zhang H, Guo H. A case study of gas drainage to low permeability coal seam [J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology. 2017, 27(4): 687-692

[91] Zhou A-t, Xu Z-y, Wang K, et al. . Coal mine gas migration model establishment and gas extraction technology field application research [J]. Fuel. 2023, 349: 128650

[92] Chen M, Zhang Y-l, Zang C-w, et al. . Experimental investigation on pressure relief mechanism of specimens with prefabricated reaming boreholes [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2023, 56(4): 2949-2966

[93] Fu Q, Yang J, Gao Y-b, et al. . Combined blasting for protection of gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2024, 16(8): 3165-3180

[94] Ye Q, Jia Z-z, Zheng C-S. Study on hydraulic-controlled blasting technology for pressure relief and permeability improvement in a deep hole [J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2017, 159: 433-442

[95] Hu Q-t, Zhang Y-b, Li Q-g, et al. . Experimental research on progressive failure characteristics of water-immersed coal: Implications for hydraulic fracturing [J]. Engineering Geology. 2022, 308: 106809

[96] Shen C-m, Lin B-q, Sun C, et al. . Analysis of the stress–permeability coupling property in water jet slotting coal and its impact on methane drainage [J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2015, 126: 231-241

[97] Chen D-d, He W-r, Xie S-r, et al. . Increased permeability and coal and gas outburst prevention using hydraulic flushing technology with cross-seam borehole [J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2020, 73: 103067

[98] Qin L, Zhai C, Liu S-m, et al. . Changes in the petrophysical properties of coal subjected to liquid nitrogen freeze-thaw–A nuclear magnetic resonance investigation [J]. Fuel. 2017, 194: 102-114

[99] Liu X-f, Nie B-s, Guo K-y, et al. . Permeability enhancement and porosity change of coal by liquid carbon dioxide phase change fracturing [J]. Engineering Geology. 2021, 287: 106106

[100] Wang D, He M-c, Tao Z-g, et al. . Deformation-softening behaviors of high-strength and high-toughness steels used for rock bolts [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2022, 14(6): 1872-1884

[101] Wang Q, Xu S, Xin Z-x, et al. . Mechanical properties and field application of constant resistance energy-absorbing anchor cable [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2022, 125: 104526

[102] Pan Y-s, Xiao Y-h, Li G-Z. Roadway hydraulic support for rockburst prevention in coal mine and its application [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2020, 45(1): 90-99(in Chinese)

[103] Wu S-k, Zhang J-w, Xu Y-l, et al. . Study on mechanical properties and application of cement-based materials with different properties under impact load [J]. Construction and Building Materials. 2025, 464: 140227

[104] Zhang J-w, Song Z-x, Liu J-l, et al. . Architecture of structural regulation technology for rockburst disaster in deep mining of coal mine [J]. Coal Science and Technology. 2022, 50(2): 27-36(in Chinese)

[105] Luo S-h, Wang T, Wu Y-p, et al. . Mechanical response of coal and rock in stope under transient excitation of structure [J]. Journal of China Coal Society. 2023, 48(12): 4406-4416(in Chinese)

[106] Song Z-x, Zhang J-w, Wu S-k, et al. . Energy driving-damage degradation-structural failure mechanism of layered sandstones under uniaxial conditions [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2025, 58(3): 3815-3853

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Central South University