Prediction of macroscopic abnormally coarse grain during solid solution of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy based on dynamic recrystallization kinetics

Abstract

After the hot deformation sample of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy was treated by solid solution in the α+β two-phase region, the coarse β grains that often appeared in the β single phase region were observed in the local region, indicating that the abnormal grain growth occurred in the local microstructural region, and the macrostructure also showed abnormally coarse grains (ACGs). The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy was systematically investigated through hot compression tests on the Gleeble-3800 system. The DRX model of β grains was established, and the quantitative correlation between DRX characteristics and the appearance of ACG was clarified. Based on these results, a numerical simulation platform was developed to realize the visual prediction of ACG distribution. The results show that the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate both contribute to a significant increase in the grain size (d_DRX) and volume fraction (X_DRX) of DRXed grains. However, the proper X_DRX and smaller d_DRX at low deformation temperature and high strain rate make the macro and microstructure show ACGs after solid solution. Interestingly, if the DRX degree is excessive or insufficient, ACGs cannot be produced, indicating that ACGs are solid solution products based on the appropriate DRX degree. According to the flow curves and statistical results of microstructure, the quantitative model of DRX kinetics and DRX grain size model were constructed, and the quantitative criterion model that is related to the formation of ACG with grain size (d_DRX) and volume fraction (X_DRX) of DRXed grains as the key parameters was established, i. e., d_DRX≤2.60 µm, 72.5%≤X_DRX≤87.9%. By integrating the subroutine of coarse grain criterion, the isothermal compression process of cylindrical samples and the actual die forging process of H-shaped parts were simulated by DEFORM-3D software of finite element (FE), respectively, and the visual prediction of the distribution of macroscopic ACGs was realized. There is a good consistency between the tested results and the simulated results, indicating a strong correlation between macroscopic ACGs and microscopic DRX.

Keywords

Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy / abnormally coarse grain / dynamic recrystallization / finite element simulation / visualization model

References

[1] Wang X-l, Li F-g, Xu T-y, et al.. Mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution during cyclic tensile loading-unloading deformation in metastable Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2022, 835: 142663

[2] Tian Q-h, Liu H-n, Guo X-y, et al.. Hydrogen sintering, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloys prepared by the blended elemental method [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 968: 172058

[3] Jiao Z-g, Fu J, Li Z, et al.. The spatial distribution of α phase in laser melting deposition additive manufactured Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy [J]. Materials & Design, 2018, 154: 108-116

[4] Purushottam Raj Purohit R R P, Richeton T, Berbenni S, et al.. Estimating single-crystal elastic constants of polycrystalline β metastable titanium alloy: A Bayesian inference analysis based on high energy X-ray diffraction and micromechanical modeling [J]. Acta Materialia, 2021, 208: 116762

[5] Ivasishin O M, Semiatin S L, Markovsky P E, et al.. Grain growth and texture evolution in Ti-6Al-4V during beta annealing under continuous heating conditions [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2002, 337(12): 88-96

[6] Semiatin S L, Kinsel K T, Pilchak A L, et al.. Effect of process variables on transformation-texture development in Ti-6Al-4V sheet following beta heat treatment [J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2013, 44(83852-3865

[7] Yin M, Luo H-j, Deng H, et al.. Thermomechanical processing of near-β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloys: Effect of deformation reduction on microstructures and mechanical properties [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2022, 853: 143786

[8] Zhang Y-s, Chen L, Liu S-j, et al.. Mechanism for the macrostructure coarse grain of TB6 titanium alloy die forging and its prediction [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 60(8): 121-131

[9] Davis A E, Kennedy J R, Ding J, et al.. The effect of processing parameters on rapid-heating β recrystallization in inter-pass deformed Ti-6Al-4V wire-arc additive manufacturing [J]. Materials Characterization, 2020, 163: 110298

[10] Fan X G, Yang H, Gao P F, et al.. The role of dynamic and post dynamic recrystallization on microstructure refinement in primary working of a coarse grained two-phase titanium alloy [J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2016, 234: 290-299

[11] Gao X-x, Zeng W-d, Ma H-y, et al.. The origin of coarse macrograin during thermo-mechanical processing in a high temperature titanium alloy [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 775: 589-600

[12] Zhang Y-s, Chen L, Liu S-j, et al.. Revealing abnormal coarse grain growth mechanisms of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy die forging during solid solution treatment in α + β two-phase region [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2025, 929: 148059

[13] Pilchak A L, Srivatsa S, Levkulich N C, et al.. Characterizing and modeling the precursors to coarse grain formation during beta-annealing of Ti-6Al-4V [J]. MATEC Web of Conferences, 2020, 321: 12007

[14] Byres N E, Da Fonseca J Q, Daniel C S, et al.. The evolution of abnormally coarse grain structures in beta-annealed Ti-6Al% -4V% rolled plates, observed by in situ investigation [J]. Acta Materialia, 2021, 221: 117362

[15] Wang D-d, Li H-w, Song X-j, et al.. The dynamic recrystallization behavior of the Ti-5.5Mo-7.2Al-4.5Zr-2.6Sn-2.1Cr titanium alloy during hot rolling based on macro-meso multiscale crystal plasticity finite element approach [J]. Materials Today Communications, 2023, 36: 106555

[16] Roy A M, Arróyave R, Sundararaghavan V. Incorporating dynamic recrystallization into a crystal plasticity model for high-temperature deformation of Ti-6Al-4V [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2023, 880: 145211

[17] Ouyang D L, Fu M W, Lu S Q. Study on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of Ti-alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3V in β processing via experiment and simulation [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2014, 619: 26-34

[18] Wu C, Yang H, Li H-W. Simulated and experimental investigation on discontinuous dynamic recrystallization of a near- α TA15 titanium alloy during isothermal hot compression in β single-phase field [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2014, 24(61819-1829

[19] Ji H-c, Peng Z-s, Huang X-m, et al.. Characterization of the microstructures and dynamic recrystallization behavior of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy through experiments and simulations [J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2021, 30(11): 8257-8275

[20] Quan G-z, Luo G-c, Liang J-t, et al.. Modelling for the dynamic recrystallization evolution of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in two-phase temperature range and a wide strain rate range [J]. Computational Materials Science, 2015, 97: 136-147

[21] Wu C-z, Wang B-s, Wen G-h, et al.. Specification for titanium and titanium alloy forgings for aerospace [M], 2007, Beijing, China, State Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence(in Chinese)

[22] Zhang S, Zeng W, Zhou D, et al.. Hot workability of burn resistant Ti-35V-15Cr-0.3Si-0.1C alloy [J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2016, 32(5): 480-487

[23] Huang C-w, Zhao Y-q, Xin S-w, et al.. Effect of microstructure on tensile properties of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017, 693: 582-591

[24] Souza P M, Beladi H, Singh R P, et al.. An analysis on the constitutive models for forging of Ti6Al4V alloy considering the softening behavior [J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2018, 27(7): 3545-3558

[25] Lin Y C, Luo S-c, Yin L-x, et al.. Microstructural evolution and high temperature flow behaviors of a homogenized Sr-modified Al-Si-Mg alloy [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 739: 590-599

[26] Fan J K, Kou H C, Lai M J, et al.. Characterization of hot deformation behavior of a new near beta titanium alloy: Ti-7333 [J]. Materials & Design, 2013, 49: 945-952

[27] Li L, Li M Q, Luo J. Mechanism in the β phase evolution during hot deformation of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr with a transformed microstructure [J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 94: 36-45

[28] Zhang W-w, Yang Q-y, Tan Y-b, et al.. Simulation and experimental study of dynamical recrystallization kinetics of TB8 titanium alloys [J]. Materials, 2020, 13(19): 4429

[29] Mcqueen H J, Ryan N D. Constitutive analysis in hot working [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2002, 322(1243-63

[30] Lu S-q, Ouyang D-l, Cui X, et al.. Dynamic recrystallization behavior of burn resistant titanium alloy Ti-25V-15Cr-0.2Si [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2016, 26(4): 1003-1010

[31] Mirzadeh H, Najafizadeh A. Prediction of the critical conditions for initiation of dynamic recrystallization [J]. Materials & Design, 2010, 31(3): 1174-1179

[32] Quan G-z, Shi R-j, Zhao J, et al.. Modeling of dynamic recrystallization volume fraction evolution for AlCu₄SiMg alloy and its application in FEM [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2019, 29(6): 1138-1151

[33] Wang K L, Fu M W, Lu S Q, et al.. Study of the dynamic recrystallization of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy in β -forging process via Finite Element Method modeling and microstructure characterization [J]. Materials & Design, 2011, 32(3): 1283-1291

[34] Devadas C, Samarasekera I V, Hawbolt E B. The thermal and metallurgical state of steel strip during hot rolling: Part III. Microstructural evolution [J]. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1991, 22(2): 335-349

[35] Shi S-x, Ge J-y, Lin Y C, et al.. High-temperature deformation behavior and recrystallization mechanism of a near beta titanium alloy Ti-55511 in β phase region [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2022, 847: 143335

[36] Lu T, Dan Z-h, Li K, et al.. Hot deformation behaviors and dynamic recrystallization mechanism of Ti-35421 alloy in β single field [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2022, 32(9): 2889-2907

[37] Wan Z-p, Sun Y, Hu L-x, et al.. Experimental study and numerical simulation of dynamic recrystallization behavior of TiAl-based alloy [J]. Materials & Design, 2017, 122: 11-20

[38] Luo L-F. Study on grain evolution and numerical simulation of 4130 steel valve body in multi-directional die forging process [D], 2021, Qinhuangdao, China, Yanshan University(in Chinese)

[39] Ji G-l, Li F-g, Li Q-h, et al.. Research on the dynamic recrystallization kinetics of Aermet100 steel [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2010, 527(92350-2355

[40] Quan G-z, Li Y-l, Zhang L, et al.. Evolution of grain refinement degree induced by dynamic recrystallization for Nimonic 80A during hot compression process and its FEM analysis [J]. Vacuum, 2017, 139: 51-63

[41] Yue C-x, Zhang L-w, Liao S-l, et al.. Mathematical models for predicting the austenite grain size in hot working of GCr15 steel [J]. Computational Materials Science, 2009, 45(2): 462-466

[42] Wu H, Liu M-x, Wang Y, et al.. Experimental study and numerical simulation of dynamic recrystallization for a FGH96 superalloy during isothermal compression [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 5090-5104

[43] Luo S-y, Wang Q, Zhang P, et al.. Effect of friction conditions on phase transformation characteristics in hot forging process of Ti-6Al-4V turbine blade [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9(2): 2107-2115

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Central South University