Novel sodium-ion battery anode design of Sn₄P₃ nanoparticles loaded on biomass-derived carbon

Abstract

Tin phosphide (Sn _xP _y) is an anode for sodium-ion batteries resulting from its exceptionally high theoretical capacity in future. Nevertheless, its application will be hindered by significant volume expansion during charge-discharge cycles and poor electrical conductivity. This study employs a Sn-based metal-organic framework (Sn-MOF) as a precursor for synthesizing tin phosphide nanoparticles. Then Solidago Canadensis L., commonly known as Canadian Goldenrod, is utilized as a biomass carbon carrier to form a composite with tin phosphide nanoparticles. The biomass-derived porous carbon provides additional sodium ion storage sites and serves as a structural scaffold that constrains the volumetric expansion of tin phosphide, thereby enhancing the material’s stability. The fabricated composite exhibits superior electrode electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries. It retains a high capacity (489.5 mA·h/g) after 100 cycles at 0.2 A/g. Even after 500 cycles at a high current density of 2 A/g, it still maintains a stable reversible capacity. This study offers a comprehensive exploration of innovative design strategies essential for the development of novel anode materials, paving the way for more sustainable and efficient sodium-ion-based energy storage systems.

Keywords

Sn₄P₃ / sodium-ion battery / biomass-derived carbon / cycling performance

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