Chestnut-derived porous carbon with O and N co-doping as electrode for high-performance supercapacitor

Abstract

The capacitive performance of carbon materials as supercapacitor electrode is synergistically influenced by the surface porous structure, graphitization structure, and surface atomic doping. However, simple realization of their synergistic regulation still faces significant challenges. Based on the biological porous structure, heteroatom-rich content and low cost of chestnut, this work adopt chestnut as precursor to prepare carbon electrode, of which the pores, graphitization, and surface atomic doping are synergistically regulated by simply changing the activation temperature. The optimized carbon electrode possesses a hierarchical porous structure with partial graphitization and O and N co-doping. Benefited from these merits, the chestnut-derived porous carbon as a supercapacitor electrode, can achieve a high specific capacitance of 328.6 F/g at 1 A/g, which still retains 80.8% when the current density enlarging to 20 A/g. By packaging the symmetric electric double-layer capacitor, the device exhibits a specific capacitance of 63.6 F/g at 1 A/g, delivering an energy density of 12.7 W·h/kg at a power density of 600 W/kg. The stability of the device is tested at a current density of 20 A/g, which shows a capacitance retention rate of up to 90% after 10000 charge-discharge cycles.

References

[[1]] Liu S-b, Zhao Y-f, Li H-y, et al.. One-step synthesis of porous nickel-aluminum layered double hydroxide with oxygen defects for high-performance supercapacitor electrode [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2023, 30(12): 4138-4148.

[[2]] Liu S-b, Huang H, Yang C-g, et al.. Electrochemical activation enabling structure reconstruction of Fe-doped MnO₂ for enhancing pseudocapacitive storage [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 441: 135967.

[[3]] Yi B, Chen X-h, Liu Y-q, et al.. Highperformance porous carbon for supercapacitors prepared by one-step pyrolysis of PF/gelatin blends [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2012, 19(1): 41-45.

[[4]] Liang Z-g, Liu H, Zeng J-p, et al.. Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped microporous carbon spheres for high performance symmetric supercapacitors [J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2018, 13(1): 314.

[[5]] Zhang X-h, Han R-y, Liu Y-z, et al.. Porous and graphitic structure optimization of biomass-based carbon materials from 0D to 3D for supercapacitors: A review [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 460: 141607.

[[6]] Yan L-j, Li D, Yan T-t, et al.. N, P, S-codoped hierarchically porous carbon spheres with well-balanced gravimetric/volumetric capacitance for supercapacitors [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018, 6(4): 5265-5272.

[[7]] Wang Q, Qin B, Li H-x, et al.. Honeycomblike carbon with tunable pore size from bio-oil for supercapacitor [J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2020, 309: 110551.

[[8]] Purkait T, Singh G, Singh M, et al.. Large area few-layer graphene with scalable preparation from waste biomass for high-performance supercapacitor [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 15239.

[[9]] GAUTAM M, PATODIA T, SACHDEV K, et al. Bougainvillea flower-biochar for zinc-ion hybrid super-capacitor: Role of chemical activator [J]. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2024: 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05547-9.

[[10]] Marcilla A, García-García S, Asensio M, et al.. Influence of thermal treatment regime on the density and reactivity of activated carbons from almond shells [J]. Carbon, 2000, 38(3): 429-440.

[[11]] Ou J-k, Zhang H-w, Lei Y, et al.. Buckwheat core derived nitrogen- and oxygen-rich controlled porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2023, 30(2): 419-433.

[[12]] Fonti P, Macchioni N, Thibaut B. Ring shake in chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.): State of the art [J]. Annals of Forest Science, 2002, 59(2): 129-140.

[[13]] Xu Z-h, Du S-l, Yi Z-y, et al.. Water chestnut-derived slope-dominated carbon as a highperformance anode for high-safety potassium-ion batteries [J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2020, 3(11): 11410-11417.

[[14]] Wei L, Sevilla M, Fuertes A B, et al.. Hydrothermal carbonization of abundant renewable natural organic chemicals for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes [J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2011, 1(3): 356-361.

[[15]] Zhao Y-q, Lu M, Tao P-y, et al.. Hierarchically porous and heteroatom doped carbon derived from tobacco rods for supercapacitors [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 307: 391-400.

[[16]] Zhang H-f, Zhang Y-h, Bai L-q, et al.. Effect of physiochemical properties in biomass-derived materials caused by different synthesis methods and their electrochemical properties in supercapacitors [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021, 9(21): 12521-12552.

[[17]] Liang Z-g, Xia H, Liu H, et al.. Enhanced capacitance characteristic of microporous carbon spheres through surface modification by oxygen-containing groups [J]. Results in Physics, 2019, 15: 102586.

[[18]] Lu S-s, Xiao Q-q, Yang W-s, et al.. Multi-heteroatom-doped porous carbon with high surface adsorption energy of potassium derived from biomass waste for high-performance supercapacitors [J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 258: 128794.

[[19]] Liu J-q, Ding Z-t, Zhou Q-m, et al.. 3D porous biomass derived carbon composite modified with (Ni, co)Se particles for high-performance supercapacitors [J]. Batteries & Supercaps, 2023, 6(11): 2300362.

[[20]] Liang Z-g, Xia H, Liu H, et al.. In situ pore self-formed strategy for the preparation of sulfur-doped hierarchical porous carbon spheres for supercapacitors [J]. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2020, 9(2): 021005.

[[21]] Yu T-t, Wang F-m, Zhang X-b, et al.. Typha orientalis leaves derived P-doped hierarchical porous carbon electrode and carbon/MnO₂ composite electrode for highperformance asymmetric supercapacitor [J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2021, 116: 108450.

[[22]] Simon P, Gogotsi Y. Materials for electrochemical capacitors [J]. Nature Materials, 2008, 7(11): 845-854.

[[23]] Shi Y-h, Zhang L-l, Schon T B, et al.. Porous carbon with willow-leaf-shaped pores for high-performance supercapacitors [J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(49): 42699-42707.

[[24]] Liang Z-g, Zhang L-m, Liu H, et al.. Formation of monodisperse carbon spheres with tunable size via triblock copolymer-assisted synthesis and their capacitor properties [J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2019, 14(1): 124.

[[25]] Liang Z-g, Zhang L-m, Liu H, et al.. Soft-template assisted hydrothermal synthesis of size-tunable, N-doped porous carbon spheres for supercapacitor electrodes [J]. Results in Physics, 2019, 12: 1984-1990.

[[26]] Liu Z-s, Qin A-m, Zhang K-y, et al.. Design and structure of nitrogen and oxygen co-doped carbon spheres with wrinkled nanocages as active material for supercapacitor application [J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 90: 106540.

[[27]] Zhang S, Tian K, Cheng B-h, et al.. Preparation of N-doped supercapacitor materials by integrated salt templating and silicon hard templating by pyrolysis of biomass wastes [J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017, 5(8): 6682-6691.

[[28]] Liu S-b, Han Q, Yang C-g, et al.. High mass load of oxygen-enriched microporous hollow carbon spheres as electrode for supercapacitor with solar charging station application [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 608: 1514-1525.

[[29]] Liu S-b, Li A-l, Han Q, et al.. Oxygen-directed porous activation of carbon nanospheres for enhanced capacitive energy storage [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 483: 229223.

[[30]] Liang Z-g, Xia H, Zhang L-m, et al.. One-pot synthesis of monodisperse phenolic resin spheres with high thermal stability and its derived carbon spheres as supercapacitor electrodes [J]. Results in Physics, 2020, 16: 102912.

[[31]] Gautam M, Patodia T, Kushwaha P, et al.. Evaluation of zinc-ion hybrid super-capacitor based on chemically activated (KOH/H₃PO₄) ground nutshell biochar [J]. Carbon Trends, 2024, 15: 100341.

[[32]] Zhao C-h, Tong X-z, Yang Y-r, et al.. Loofah sponge-derived 3D flexible porous carbon electrode for high performance supercapacitor [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 78: 110295.

[[33]] Kim J H, Byeon M, Jeong Y C, et al.. Revisit to the correlation of surface characteristic nature with performance of N-enriched carbon-based supercapacitor [J]. Carbon, 2018, 140: 68-76.

[[34]] Taurbekov A, Abdisattar A, Atamanov M, et al.. Biomass derived high porous carbon via CO₂ activation for supercapacitor electrodes [J]. Journal of Composites Science, 2023, 7(10): 444.

[[35]] Ferrero G A, Fuertes A B, Sevilla M. From soybean residue to advanced supercapacitors [J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 16618.

[[36]] Jia H-y, Wang S, Sun J-w, et al.. Nitrogen-doped microporous carbon derived from a biomass waste-metasequoia cone for electrochemical capacitors [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 794: 163-170.

[[37]] Taer E, Sukmawati, Apriwandi A, et al.. 3D meso-macroporous carbon derived spruce leaf biomass for excellent electrochemical symmetrical supercapacitor [J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023, 87: 32-40

[[38]] Zhou H, Wang L, Cui W-n, et al.. Preparation and application of N/S co-doped porous carbon electrode materials in supercapacitors [J]. Carbon Techniques, 2023, 6(34): 55-58 (in Chinese)

[[39]] Gou G-j, Huang F, Jiang M, et al.. Hierarchical porous carbon electrode materials for supercapacitor developed from wheat straw cellulosic foam [J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 149: 208-216.

[[40]] Zhang L-m, Xia H, Liu S-b, et al.. Nickel-cobalt hydroxides with tunable thin-layer nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitor electrode [J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2021, 16(1): 83.

[[41]] Lin J-h, Jia H-n, Liang H-y, et al.. In situ synthesis of vertical standing nanosized NiO encapsulated in graphene as electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors [J]. Advanced Science, 2017, 5(3): 1700687.

[[42]] Luo M-s, Ma Z-w, Zhang Z-l, et al.. Preparation of semiconductor zinc telluride by photoelectrochemical deposition [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2022, 29(9): 2899-2910.

[[43]] Zhang W, Liu Y, Ye Z-q, et al.. Porous nitrogen-doped FeP/C nanofibers as promising anode for potassium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2023, 30(10): 3248-3259.

[[44]] Wang Z-y, Li C, Huang Y-d, et al.. Fast-ionic conductor Li_2.64(Sc_0.9Ti_0.1)₂(PO4)₃ doped PVDF-HFP hybrid gel-electrolyte for lithium ion batteries [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2022, 29(9): 2980-2990.

[[45]] Wang T-x, Xiong C-y, Zhang Y-k, et al.. Multi-layer hierarchical cellulose nanofibers/carbon nanotubes/vinasse activated carbon composite materials for supercapacitors and electromagnetic interference shielding [J]. Nano Research, 2024, 17(3): 904-912.

[[46]] Xiong C-y, Wang T-x, Zhou L-f, et al.. Fabrication of dual-function conductive cellulose-based composites with layered conductive network structures for supercapacitors and electromagnetic shielding [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 472: 144958.