Shear mechanical properties and frictional sliding responses of rough joint surfaces under dynamic normal displacement conditions

Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic frictional characteristics in rock joints under high normal load and strong confinement is essential for ensuring the safety of deep engineering construction and mitigating geological disasters. This study conducted shear experiments on rough rock joints under displacement-controlled dynamic normal loads, investigating the shear behaviors of joints across varying initial normal loads, normal loading frequencies, and normal loading amplitudes. Experimental results showed that the peak/valley shear force values increased with initial normal loads and normal loading frequencies but showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with normal loading amplitudes. Dynamic normal loading can either increase or decrease shear strength, while this study demonstrates that higher frequencies lead to enhanced friction. Increased initial normal loading and normal loading frequency result in a gradual decrease in joint roughness coefficient (JRC) values of joint surfaces after shearing. Positive correlations existed between frictional energy dissipation and peak shear forces, while post-shear joint surface roughness exhibited a negative correlation with peak shear forces through linear regression analysis. This study contributes to a better understanding of the sliding responses and shear mechanical characteristics of rock joints under dynamic disturbances.

Keywords

dynamic normal displacement / shear strength variations / phase lag phenomenon / stick-slip

References

[1] LiuR-c, LouS, LiX-j, et al. . Anisotropic surface roughness and shear behaviors of rough-walled plaster joints under constant normal load and constant normal stiffness conditions. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2020, 12(2): 338-352 J]

[2] GuL-l, WangZ, ZhangF, et al. . Dynamic evolution of shear rate-dependent behavior of rock discontinuity under shearing condition. Journal of Central South University, 2021, 28(6): 1875-1887 J]

[3] ShiH, SongL, ZhangH-q, et al. . Experimental and numerical studies on progressive debonding of grouted rock bolts. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2022, 32(1): 63-74 J]

[4] WangC-s, JiangY-j, WangG, et al. . Experimental investigation on the shear behavior of the bolt-grout interface under CNL and CNS conditions considering realistic bolt profiles. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2022, 8(4): 111 J]

[5] WangC-s, LiuR-c, JiangY-j, et al. . Effect of shear-induced contact area and aperture variations on nonlinear flow behaviors in fractal rock fractures. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2023, 152309-322 J]

[6] YinQ, ZhuC, WuJ-y, et al. . Shear sliding of rough-walled fracture surfaces under unloading normal stress. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2023, 15(10): 2658-2675 J]

[7] SteinR S. The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence. Nature, 1999, 402: 605-609 J]

[8] ZhouZ-l, ZhaoY, CaoW-z, et al. . Dynamic response of pillar workings induced by sudden pillar recovery. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2018, 51(10): 3075-3090 J]

[9] JiY-l, ZhuangL, WuW, et al. . Cyclic water injection potentially mitigates seismic risks by promoting slow and stable slip of a natural fracture in granite. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2021, 54(10): 5389-5405 J]

[10] ZhouT, ZhuJ-b, XieH-ping. Mechanical and volumetric fracturing behaviour of three-dimensional printing rock-like samples under dynamic loading. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020, 53(6): 2855-2864 J]

[11] XieH-p, ZhuJ-b, ZhouT, et al. . Novel three-dimensional rock dynamic tests using the true triaxial electromagnetic Hopkinson bar system. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2021, 54(4): 2079-2086 J]

[12] KanJ-l, DouL-m, LiJ-z, et al. . Characteristics of microseismic waveforms induced by underground destress blasting: Comparison with those induced by ground blasting and coal mining. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2022, 10: 797358 J]

[13] DangW-g, TaoK, HuangL-c, et al. . A new multi-function servo control dynamic shear apparatus for geomechanics. Measurement, 2022, 187110345 J]

[14] CaoW-z, LiX-b, TaoM, et al. . Vibrations induced by high initial stress release during underground excavations. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research, 2016, 5378-95 J]

[15] MengF-z, WongL N Y, ZhouH, et al. . Comparative study on dynamic shear behavior and failure mechanism of two types of granite joint. Engineering Geology, 2018, 245: 356-369 J]

[16] MighaniS, BernabéY, BoulenouarA, et al. . Creep deformation in Vaca muerta shale from nanoindentation to triaxial experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2019, 124(8): 7842-7868 J]

[17] GongF-q, LuoS, LinG, et al. . Evaluation of shear strength parameters of rocks by preset angle shear, direct shear and triaxial compression tests. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020, 53(5): 2505-2519 J]

[18] CuiG-j, ZhangC-q, YeJ-p, et al. . Influences of dynamic normal disturbance and initial shear stress on fault activation characteristics. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2022, 8(5): 159 J]

[19] DangW-g, KonietzkyH. The effect of normal load oscillation amplitude on the frictional behavior of a rough basalt fracture. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2022, 5563385-3397 J]

[20] MirzaghorbanaliA, NemcikJ, AzizN. Effects of shear rate on cyclic loading shear behaviour of rock joints under constant normal stiffness conditions. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2014, 47(5): 1931-1938 J]

[21] HongT-c, MaroneC. Effects of normal stress perturbations on the frictional properties of simulated faults. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2005, 6(3): Q03012 J]

[22] RiceJ R. Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2006, 111B5B05311 J]

[23] ShengM, LiP, ZhuangX-y, et al. . Influence of cyclic normal stress on shear friction of EGS granite fractures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2020, 238: 107268 J]

[24] MeiC, BarbotS, WuWei. Period-multiplying cycles at the transition between stick-slip and stable sliding and implications for the parkfield period-doubling tremors. Geophysical Research Letters, 2021, 487e2020GL091807 J]

[25] BoettcherM S, MaroneC. Effects of normal stress variation on the strength and stability of creeping faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2004, 109B3B03406 J]

[26] TiwariA K, SinghA, EkenT-n, et al. . Seismic anisotropy inferred from direct S-wave-derived splitting measurements and its geodynamic implications beneath southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Solid Earth, 2017, 82435-452 J]

[27] OkadaT, NayaT. A new model for evaluating the dynamic shear strength of rocks based on laboratory test data for earthquake-resistant design. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2019, 11(5): 979-989 J]

[28] TaoK, DangW-g, LiaoX, et al. . Experimental study on the slip evolution of planar fractures subjected to cyclic normal stress. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 2023, 10(1): 67 J]

[29] IndraratnaB, HaqueA. Experimental study of shear behavior of rock joints under constant normal stiffness conditions. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 1997, 343–4141.e1-141.e14[J]

[30] LeeY K, ParkJ W, SongJ J. Model for the shear behavior of rock joints under CNL and CNS conditions. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2014, 70252-263 J]

[31] MengF-z, ZhouH, LiS-j, et al. . Shear behaviour and acoustic emission characteristics of different joints under various stress levels. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2016, 49(12): 4919-4928 J]

[32] HanG-s, JingH-w, JiangY-j, et al. . Effect of cyclic loading on the shear behaviours of both unfilled and infilled rough rock joints under constant normal stiffness conditions. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020, 53(1): 31-57 J]

[33] ByerleeJ D. The mechanics of stick-slip. Tectonophysics, 1970, 9(5): 475-486 J]

[34] NoëlC, GiorgettiC, ScuderiM M, et al. . The effect of shear displacement and wear on fault stability: Laboratory constraints. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2023, 128(4): e2022JB026191 J]

[35] XinJ, JiangQ, ZhaiD, et al. . Shear-induced rockburst of double-tunnel rocks subjected to shear loading: A comparative analysis. Journal of Central South University, 2023, 30124207-4229 J]

[36] YaoZ-g, FangY, ZhangR, et al. . The mechanism of stick – slip as a rockburst source in jointed rockmass: An experimental study. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2023, 56(5): 3573-3593 J]

[37] ZhuQ, YinQ, HuangN, et al. . Assessment of nonlinear flow behaviors through real rough rock fractures during shearing. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2022, 8(5): 171 J]

[38] TseR, CrudenD M. Estimating joint roughness coefficients. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1979, 165303-307 J]

[39] ZoorabadiM, SaydamS, TimmsW, et al. . Non-linear flow behaviour of rough fractures having standard JRC profiles. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2015, 76: 192-199 J]

[40] CerfontaineB, CollinF. Cyclic and fatigue behaviour of rock materials: Review, interpretation and research perspectives. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2018, 51(2): 391-414 J]

[41] JiangY-j, LiB, TanabashiY. Estimating the relation between surface roughness and mechanical properties of rock joints. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2006, 43(6): 837-846 J]

[42] ZhangC-q, CuiG-j, DengL, et al. . Laboratory investigation on shear behaviors of bolt – grout interface subjected to constant normal stiffness. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020, 53(3): 1333-1347 J]

[43] PerfettiniH, SchmittbuhlJ, RiceJ R, et al. . Frictional response induced by time-dependent fluctuations of the normal loading. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2001, 106(B7): 13455-13472 J]

[44] DangW-g, KonietzkyH, FrühwirtT. Direct shear behavior of a plane joint under dynamic normal load (DNL) conditions. Engineering Geology, 2016, 213: 133-141 J]

[45] DangW-g, ChenJ-p, HuangL-c, et al. . Frictional behavior of granular materials exposed to dynamic normal load. Engineering Geology, 2021, 295106414 J]

[46] BraceW F, ByerleeJ D. Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes. Science, 1966, 153(3739): 990-992 J]

[47] ZhangC-q, ZhangL-s, TaoZ-g, et al. . Study on rock type effect of fault sliding stability. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2024, 57(3): 1915-1938 J]

[48] ZhangC-q, XuJ, JinS-j, et al. . Sliding modes of fault activation under constant normal stiffness conditions. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2023, 15(5): 1213-1225 J]