Stiffness theory of rockburst: Research progress and trends

Abstract

The stiffness theory of rockburst plays a crucial role in understanding and preventing rockburst events. This theory evaluates the severity of rockbursts through the difference in stiffness. As a fundamental theory, many new theories have emerged from the stiffness theory, and its applications in mines and deep tunnels are diverse. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the development process, application status, and application field of rockburst stiffness theory from the perspective of theoretical derivation, laboratory testing, and field application. We also identify key and difficult problems in stiffness theory, such as the determination method of stiffness, the influence of post-peak slope, and the study of rockburst criteria. In addition, based on the existing issues related to stiffness determination, exploration of stiffness changes during rockburst development, and low adaptability in predicting rockburst intensity, we propose the influence of the blasting body-surrounding rock stiffness on the spatial-temporal characteristics, intensity, and mechanism of rockburst, dynamic variable stiffness tests, and stiffness theoretical criteria for determining the rockburst intensity as areas for further research on the stiffness theory of rockburst.

Keywords

rockburst / stiffness theory / stiffness test / system model / criterion

References

[1] LiuD, LingK, LiD, et al. . Evolution of anisotropy during sandstone rockburst process under double-faces unloading [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2021, 28(8): 2472-2484

[2] OrtleppW D, StaceyT R. Rockburst mechanisms in tunnels and shafts [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 1994, 9(1): 59-65

[3] WangS, ZhouJ, LiC, et al. . Rockburst prediction in hard rock mines developing bagging and boosting tree-based ensemble techniques [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2021, 28(2): 527-542

[4] FengX, XiaoY, FengG, et al. . Study on the development process of rockbursts [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2019, 38(4): 649-673(in Chinese)

[5] FengG, MaJ, ChenB, et al. . Microseismic energy and intensity criterion of rockburst in deep TBM tunnels-A case study of the Neelum-Jhelum hydropower project [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2023, 30(5): 1695-1709

[6] XiaoY, FengX, ChenB, et al. . Rockburst risk of tunnel boring machine part-pilot excavation in very strong rockburst section of deep hard tunnel [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2011, 32(10): 3111-3118(in Chinese)

[7] FengG, FengX, ChenB, et al. . A microseismic method for dynamic warning of rockburst development processes in tunnels [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2015, 48(5): 2061-2076

[8] FengG, YoshidaS, LacidognaG. Special issue on new advances in acoustic emission and microseismic monitoring technologies in civil engineering [J]. Applied Sciences, 2023, 13(2): 969

[9] GuoH, SunQ, FengG, et al. . In-situ observations of damage-fracture evolution in surrounding rock upon unloading in 2400-m-deep tunnels [J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2023, 334437-446

[10] LI Zhao-yi. A total of 36 people died in a mining accident at the Severnaya coal mine in Russia [EB/OL] [2016-02-29]. https://m.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJUc5C.(in Chinese)

[11] SU Yang, PAN Xi. Academician QIAN qihu: A study on the mechanism of avoiding rockburst accidents [EB/OL] [2011-07-15]. https://www.cas.cn/xw/zjsd/201107/t20110715_3309474.shtml. (in Chinese)

[12] FengG, ChenB, JiangQ, et al. . Excavation-induced microseismicity and rockburst occurrence: similarities and differences between deep parallel tunnels with alternating soft-hard strata [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2021, 28(2): 582-594

[13] WangC, ChenZ, LiaoZ, et al. . Experimental investigation on predicting precursory changes inentropy for dominant frequency of rockburst [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27(10): 2834-2848

[14] GongF, WangY, LuoS. Rockburst proneness criteria for rock materials: Review and new insights [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27(10): 2793-2821

[15] VazaiosI, DiederichsM S, VlachopoulosN. Assessment of strain bursting in deep tunnelling by using the finite-discrete element method [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2019, 11(1): 12-37

[16] LiuJ, SiY, WeiD, et al. . Developments and prospects of microseismic monitoring technology in underground metal mines in China [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2021, 28(10): 3074-3098

[17] RenF, ZhuC, HeM. Moment tensor analysis of acoustic emissions for cracking mechanisms during schist strain burst [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020, 53(1): 153-170

[18] MaK, ShenQ, SunX, et al. . Rockburst prediction model using machine learning based on microseismic parameters of Qinling water conveyance tunnel [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2023, 30(1): 289-305

[19] ChenY, XiaoP, LiP, et al. . Formation mechanism of rockburst in deep tunnel adjacent to faults: Implication from numerical simulation and microseismic monitoring [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2022, 29(12): 4035-4050

[20] JiangB, XinZ, ZhangX, et al. . Mechanical properties and influence mechanism of confined concrete arches in high-stress tunnels [J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2023, 33(7): 829-841

[21] LiangZ, QianX, ZhangY, et al. . Numerical simulation of dynamic fracture properties of rocks under different static stress conditions [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2022, 29(2): 624-644

[22] WangC, CaoC, LiC, et al. . Experimental investigation on synergetic prediction of granite rockburst using rock failure time and acoustic emission energy [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2022, 29(4): 1262-1273

[23] YinQ, WuJ, ZhuC, et al. . Shear mechanical responses of sandstone exposed to high temperature under constant normal stiffness boundary conditions [J]. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2021, 7(2): 1-17

[24] FengG, MaQ, LacidognaG, et al. . Experimental study on the failure characteristic and mechanism of granite time-delayed rockburst under true triaxial condition [J]. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 2023, 9: 164

[25] FengG, MaQ, HeZ, et al. . Time-delayed failure process of granite and its energy evolution and acoustic emission characteristics [J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2024, 157107854

[26] DongL, YanX, WangJ, et al. . Case study of microseismic tomography and multi-parameter characteristics under mining disturbances [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2023, 30(7): 2252-2265

[27] CookN G W. A note on rockbursts considered as a problem of stability [J]. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1965, 65(8): 437-446

[28] CookN G W. The failure of rock [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1965, 2(4): 389-403

[29] SalamonM D G. Stability, instability and design of pillar workings [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1970, 7(6): 613-631

[30] BlakeW. Rock-burst mechanics [M]. Colorado: Quarterly of Colorado School of Mines, 1972, 65(1): 1-64

[31] SimonRAnalysis of fault-slip mechanisms in hard rock mining [D], 1999, Montreal, McGill University

[32] HudsonJ A, BrownE T, FairhurstC. Optimizing the control of rock failure in servo-controlled laboratory tests [J]. Rock mechanics, 1971, 3(4): 217-224

[33] HudsonJ ARock mechanics principles in engineering practice [M], 1989, London, Butterworths

[34] RummelF, FairhurstC. Determination of the post-failure behavior of brittle rock using a servo-controlled testing machine [J]. Rock Mechanics, 1970, 2(4): 189-204

[35] PanY, WangZ, LiA. Comprehensive rigidity and comprehensive energy criterion of the rock burst [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2009, 30(12): 3671-3676(in Chinese)

[36] LiuJStudy on geological engineering problems in Yufengsi deep-buried tunnel along Yunnan-Tibet railway [D], 2007, Beijing, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (Beijing)(in Chinese)

[37] LiuJ, ZhangY, WuS, et al. . Rigidity criterion for rockburst in the Yufengsi tunnel in Lijiang City of the Yunnan-Tibet Railway [J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2007, 26(6): 748-755(in Chinese)

[38] GU Ming-cheng, HE Fa-liang, CHEN Cheng-zong. Research on rockburst in Qinling tunnel [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2002(9): 1324–1329. (in Chinese)

[39] QianQ. Definition, mechanism, classification and quantitative forecast model for rockburst and pressure bump [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2014, 35(1): 1-6(in Chinese)

[40] TANG Bao-qing, CAO Ping. Discussion on mechanism of rock burst in mine [J]. Jiangxi Nonferrous Metals, 2000(2): 5–7, 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13264/j.cnki.ysjskx.2000.02.002. (in Chinese)

[41] SiX, HuangL, GongF, et al. . Experimental investigation on influence of loading rate on rockburst in deep circular tunnel under true-triaxial stress condition [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27(10): 2914-2929

[42] CookN G W, HojemJ P M. A rigid 50-ton compression and tension testing machine [J]. South African Mechine Engineer, 1966, 189-92

[43] BieniawskiZ TMechanism of rock fracture in compression [M], 1966, Pretoria, South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

[44] HudsonJ A, CrouchS L, FairhurstC. Soft, stiff and servo-controlled testing machines: A review with reference to rock failure [J]. Engineering Geology, 1972, 6(3): 155-189

[45] StavroginA N, TarasovB GExperimental physics and rock mechanics [M], 2001, Boca Raton, CRC Press

[46] WiebolsG A, CookN G W. An energy criterion for the strength of rock in polyaxial compression [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1968, 5(6): 529-549

[47] LiuC, ZhaoG, XuW, et al. . Experimental investigation on failure process and spatio-temporalevolution of rockburst in granite with a prefabricated circular hole [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 27(10): 2930-2944

[48] BieniawskiZ T, DenkhausH G, VoglerU W. Failure of fractured rock [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1969, 6(3): 323

[49] JiangB, GuS, WangL, et al. . Strainburst process of marble in tunnel-excavation-inducedstress path considering intermediate principal stress [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2019, 264984-999

[50] BagdeM N, PetrošV. Fatigue properties of intact sandstone samples subjected to dynamic uniaxial cyclical loading [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2005, 42(2): 237-250

[51] GuanF, LiY, GaoG, et al. . Horizontal compression test: A proposed method for indirect determination of tensile strength of stiff soils and soft rocks [J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2022, 10: 839073

[52] EsmaeiliM, FarsiS, ShamohammadiA. Effect of rock strength on the degradation of ballast equipped with under sleeper pad [J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 321126413

[53] HeM, MiaoJ, LiD, et al. . Experimental study on rockburst processes of granite specimen at great depth [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 26(5): 865-876(in Chinese)

[54] CHENG Cheng. Effect of rock mass stiffness on strain rockburst [D]. Beijing China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 2013. (in Chinese)

[55] HouP Y, CaiM, ZhangX W, et al. . Post-peak stress–strain curves of brittle rocks under axial-and lateral-strain-controlled loadings [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2022, 55(2): 855-884

[56] XuY H, CaiM. Influence of loading system stiffness on post-peak stress-strain curve of stable rock failures [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2017, 50(9): 2255-2275

[57] ZHAO Tong-bin, TAN Yun-liang, LIU Bin, et al. The invention relates to an internal and external frame combined variable stiffness rock mechanics testing machine and an experimental method thereof: China, CN110031320B [P]. 2020-06-16. (in Chinese)

[58] KhosraviA, SimonR. Verification of the CSDS model in estimating the post peak behavior of hard rocks [J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2018, 18(3): 04017166.1-04017166.15

[59] ZhaoT, YinY, TanY, et al. . Development of a rock testing system with changeable stiffness and its application in the study on the rock failure mechanical behavior [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2022, 41(9): 1846-1857(in Chinese)

[60] AubertinM, SimonR. A damage initiation criterion for low porosity rocks [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 1997, 34(3–4): 17.e1-17.e15

[61] TarasovB, PotvinY. Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2013, 5957-69

[62] TangLStudy on monitoring and prediction of seismicity and rockburst in a deep mine [D], 2008, Changsha, Central South University(in Chinese)

[63] HOMAND F, PIGUET J P, REVALOR R. Dynamic phenomena in mines and characteristics of rocks [C]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Rock Bursts and Seismicity in Mines. Minneapolis: [s. n.], 1988: 195–209.

[64] HuoM, LiuX, LinM. Mechanical mechanism of complete shear rockburst in surrounding rock [J]. Modern Tunnelling Technology, 2021, 58(1): 10-18(in Chinese)

[65] KAISER P K, McCREATH D R, TANNANT D D. Canadian rockburst support handbook [M]. Geomechanics Research Center, 1996.

[66] FengX, ChenB, ZhangC, et al. Mechanism, warning and dynamic control of rockburst development processes [M], 2013, Beijing, Science Press: 345346(in Chinese)

[67] HeM, ChengT, QiaoY, et al. . A review of rockburst: Experiments, theories, and simulations [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2023, 15(5): 1312-1353

[68] TurchaninovI A, MarkovG A, GzovskyM V, et al. . State of stress in the upper part of the Earth’s crust based on direct measurements in mines and on tectonophysical and seismological studies [J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1972, 6(4): 229-234

[69] BartonN, LienR, LundeJ. Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support [J]. Rock mechanics, 1974, 6(4): 189-236

[70] LiX, ZhouZ, LokT S, et al. . Innovative testing technique of rock subjected to coupled static and dynamic loads [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 2008, 45(5): 739-748

[71] LiX, GongF, TaoM, et al. . Failure mechanism and coupled static-dynamic loading theory in deep hard rock mining: A review [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 9(4): 767-782

[72] CookN G W, HoekE, PretoriusJ P, et al. . Rock mechanics applied to study of rockbursts [J]. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1966, 66(10): 435-528

[73] HeB, ZeligR, HatzorY H, et al. . Rockburst generation in discontinuous rock masses [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2016, 49(10): 4103-4124

[74] XiangP, JiH, KongL, et al. . Rockburst mechanism analysis based on dynamic loading and unloading effect of two-body systems [J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2016, 41(11): 2698-2705(in Chinese)

[75] MaT, TangC, TangS, et al. . Rockburst mechanism and prediction based on microseismic monitoring [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2018, 110: 177-188

[76] KidybińskiA. Bursting liability indices of coal [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1981, 18(4): 295-304

[77] FengR, ZhangY, RezagholilouA, et al. . Brittleness Index: from conventional to hydraulic fracturing energy model [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2020, 53(2): 739-753

[78] GongF, LuoS, JiangQ, et al. . Theoretical verification of the rationality of strain energy storage index as rockburst criterion based on linear energy storage law [J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2022, 14(6): 1737-1746

[79] PanY, ZhangY, WuM, et al. . Analysis of catastrophe theory for pillar destabilization in dissymmetric mining [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2006, 25(S2): 3694-3702

[80] WangX, GuanK, YangT, et al. . Instability mechanism of pillar burst in asymmetric mining based on cusp catastrophe model [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2021, 54(3): 1463-1479

[81] LiT, MaC, ZhuM, et al. . Geomechanical types and mechanical analyses of rockbursts [J]. Engineering Geology, 2017, 222: 72-83

[82] WEI Xin-jiang, WANG Xiao, CHEN Tao-tao, et al. Comparison of the fold and cusp catastrophe models for tensile cracking and sliding rockburst [J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021: 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6682999.

[83] ZhangQ B, ZhaoJ. A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behaviour of rock materials [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2014, 47(4): 1411-1478

[84] Nemat-NasserS, HoriiH. Compression-induced nonplanar crack extension with application to splitting, exfoliation, and rockburst [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 1982, 87(B8): 6805-6821

[85] LingJ, LiuX. Damage mechanical analysis method for stability of surrounding rocks of unloading underground caverns [J]. Journal of Shijiazhuang Railway Institute, 1998, 11(4): 10-15(in Chinese)

[86] XieH, PariseauW G, et al. . Fractal character and mechanism of rock bursts [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1993, 30(4): 343-350

[87] ZhangX. Pattern and damage evolution of unloading rockburst for high-stress hard rock [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2012, 33(12): 3554-3560(in Chinese)

[88] SuG, ShiY, FengX, et al. . True-triaxial experimental study of the evolutionary features of the acoustic emissions and sounds of rockburst processes [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2018, 51(2): 375-389

[89] FengX, YuY, FengG, et al. . Fractal behaviour of the microseismic energy associated with immediate rockbursts in deep, hard rock tunnels [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research, 2016, 51: 98-107

[90] MondalD, RoyP N S. Fractal and seismic b-value study during dynamic roof displacements (roof fall and surface blasting) for enhancing safety in the longwall coal mines [J]. Engineering Geology, 2019, 253: 184-204

[91] LiY, ZhaoY, JiangY, et al. . Characteristics of pore and fracture of coal with bursting proneness based on DIC and fractal theory [J]. Energies, 2020, 13(20): 5404

[92] PanYThe burst in coal mine [M], 2018, Beijing, Science Press: 1-678(in Chinese)

[93] AGLAWE J P. Unstable and violent failure around underground openings in highly stressed ground [D]. Queen’s University at Kingston, 2000.

[94] LiY. Mechanism and preliminary application of impact ground pressure [J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 1985, 14(3): 37-43(in Chinese)