Nanostructured porous carbons derived from ZIF-67 frameworks for capacitive deionization

Abstract

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising technology for removing salt from brackish water, and the desalination performance greatly depends on the structures and properties of electrode materials. In this work, the ZIF-67 was used as a precursor to obtain three ZIF-67-derived porous carbon nanomaterials including carbon nano-box (ZCNB), carbon nanotubes (ZCNT), and carbon nano-box and carbon nanotube hybrids (ZCNH). The pore structures, surface properties, electrochemical properties, CDI performances of three porous carbon nanomaterials and constitutive relationships were investigated. The results show that among three ZIF-67-derived nanostructured carbon materials, ZCNB has the highest adsorption capacity because of its high specific surface area, good wettability, high surface charge, and suitable pore sizes. Though the carbon nanotubes in the ZCNH and ZCNT could improve the electrical conductivity of the material, it leads to a decrease in the specific surface area and wettability, thereby reducing the adsorption capacity. This work would provide a reference for the design of MOFs-derived CDI electrode materials.

Keywords

porous carbon / metal-organic frameworks / ZIF-67 / capacitive deionization

References

[1] VorosmartyC J, McintyreP B, GessnerM O, et al. Nature, 2010, 467: 555-561 J]

[2] LinS, ZhaoH, ZhuL, et al. . Seawater desalination technology and engineering in China: A review. Desalination, 2021, 498: 114728 J]

[3] ScheweJ, HeinkeJ, GertenD, et al. . Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111(9): 3245-3250 J]

[4] KhawajiA D, KutubkhanahI K, WieJ M. Advances in seawater desalination technologies. Desalination, 2008, 221(1–3): 47-69 J]

[5] MadaeniS S, SamieiradS. Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane fouled by wastewater. Desalination, 2010, 257(1–3): 80-86 J]

[6] CharcossetC. A review of membrane processes and renewable energies for desalination. Desalination, 2009, 245(1–3): 214-231 J]

[7] ElimelechM, PhillipW A. The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. Science, 2011, 333(6043): 712-717 J]

[8] PoradaS, ZhaoR, Van Der WalA, et al. . Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Progress in Materials Science, 2013, 58(8): 1388-1442 J]

[9] AndersonM A, CuderoA L, PalmaJ. Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: Will it compete?. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55(12): 3845-3856 J]

[10] XingW, LiangJ, TangW, et al. . Versatile applications of capacitive deionization (CDI)-based technologies. Desalination, 2020, 482114390 J]

[11] ShiW, LiuX, YeC, et al. . Efficient lithium extraction by membrane capacitive deionization incorporated with monovalent selective cation exchange membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, 210885-890 J]

[12] PanJ, ZhengY, DingJ, et al. . Fluoride removal from water by membrane capacitive deionization with a monovalent anion selective membrane. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018, 57(20): 7048-7053 J]

[13] WangZ, YanT, FangJ, et al. . Nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from a bimetallic metal-organic framework as highly efficient electrodes for flow-through deionization capacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(28): 10858-10868 J]

[14] HelmholtzH V. Über einige gesetze der vertheilung elektrischer ströme in körperlichen leitern mit anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen versuch. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1853, 89: 211-233 J]

[15] ZhaoR, BiesheuvelP M, MiedemaH, et al. . Charge efficiency: A functional tool to probe the double-layer structure inside of porous electrodes and application in the modeling of capacitive deionization. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2010, 1(1): 205-210 J]

[16] LiuP, WangH, YanT, et al. . Grafting sulfonic and amine functional groups on 3D graphene for improved capacitive deionization. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(14): 5303-5313 J]

[17] GaoX, OmosebiA, LandonJ, et al. . Surface charge enhanced carbon electrodes for stable and efficient capacitive deionization using inverted adsorption–desorption behavior. Energy & Environmental Science, 2015, 8(3): 897-909 J]

[18] SufianiO, ElisadikiJ, MachundaR L, et al. . Modification strategies to enhance electrosorption performance of activated carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization applications. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2019, 848: 113328 J]

[19] ChenZ, SongC, SunX, et al. . Kinetic and isotherm studies on the electrosorption of NaCl from aqueous solutions by activated carbon electrodes. Desalination, 2011, 267(2–3): 239-243 J]

[20] LiJ, WangX, WangH, et al. . Functionalization of biomass carbonaceous aerogels and their application as electrode materials for electro-enhanced recovery of metal ions. Environmental Science: Nano, 2017, 4(5): 1114-1123[J]

[21] HaroM, RasinesG, MaciasC, et al. . Stability of a carbon gel electrode when used for the electro-assisted removal of ions from brackish water. Carbon, 2011, 49(12): 3723-3730 J]

[22] YangL, ShiZ, YangW. Enhanced capacitive deionization of lead ions using air-plasma treated carbon nanotube electrode. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2014, 251122-127 J]

[23] BensonJ, KovalenkoI, BoukhalfaS, et al. . Multifunctional CNT-polymer composites for ultra-tough structural supercapacitors and desalination devices. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(45): 6625-6632 J]

[24] El-DeenA G, BoomR M, KimH Y, et al. . Flexible 3D nanoporous graphene for desalination and bio-decontamination of brackish water via asymmetric capacitive deionization. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(38): 25313-25325 J]

[25] PoradaS, BiesheuvelP M, PresserV. Comment on sponge-templated preparation of high surface area graphene with ultrahigh capacitive deionization performance. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 25(2): 179-181 J]

[26] FurukawaH, KoN, GoY B, et al. . Ultrahigh porosity in metal-organic frameworks. Science, 2010, 329(5990): 424-428 J]

[27] SinghK, PoradaS, De GierH D, et al. . Timeline on the application of intercalation materials in capacitive deionization. Desalination, 2019, 455: 115-134 J]

[28] DingZ, XuX, LiJ, et al. . Nanoarchitectonics from 2D to 3D: MXenes-derived nitrogen-doped 3D nanofibrous architecture for extraordinarily-fast capacitive deionization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 430: 133161 J]

[29] SunK, TebyetekerwaM, WangC, et al. . Electrocapacitive deionization: Mechanisms, electrodes, and cell designs. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(18): 1233578 J]

[30] WangJ, WangY, HuH, et al. . From metal-organic frameworks to porous carbon materials: Recent progress and prospects from energy and environmental perspectives. Nanoscale, 2020, 1274238-4268 J]

[31] LiS, YangK, TanC, et al. . Preparation and applications of novel composites composed of metal-organic frameworks and two-dimensional materials. Chemical Communications, 2016, 52(8): 1555-1562 J]

[32] ChoiK M, JeongH M, ParkJ H, et al. . Supercapacitors of nanocrystalline metal-organic frameworks. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(7): 7451-7457 J]

[33] DingM, ShiW, GuoL, et al. . Bimetallic metal-organic framework derived porous carbon nanostructures for high performance membrane capacitive desalination. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5(13): 6113-6121 J]

[34] ShiW, YeC, XuX, et al. . High-performance membrane capacitive deionization based on metal-organic framework-derived hierarchical carbon structures. ACS Omega, 2018, 3(8): 8506-8513 J]

[35] KimM, XuX, XinR, et al. . KOH-activated hollow ZIF-8 derived porous carbon: Nanoarchitectured control for upgraded capacitive deionization and supercapacitor. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(44): 52034-52043 J]

[36] GuoJ, XuX, HillJ P, et al. . Graphene-carbon 2D heterostructures with hierarchically-porous P, N-doped layered architecture for capacitive deionization. Chemical Science, 2021, 12(30): 10334-10340 J]

[37] WangZ, XuX, KimJ, et al. . Nanoarchitectured metal-organic framework/polypyrrole hybrids for brackish water desalination using capacitive deionization. Materials Horizons, 2019, 6(7): 1433-1437 J]

[38] PhuocN M, JungE, TranN A T, et al. . Enhanced desalination performance of capacitive deionization using nanoporous carbon derived from ZIF-67 metal organic frameworks and CNTs. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(11): 2091 J]

[39] PhuocN M, Thu TranN A, KhoiT M, et al. . ZIF-67 metal-organic frameworks and CNTs-derived nanoporous carbon structures as novel electrodes for flow-electrode capacitive deionization. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 277119466 J]

[40] ZhangY, WuJ, ZhangS, et al. . MOF-on-MOF nanoarchitectures for selectively functionalized nitrogen-doped carbon-graphitic carbon/carbon nanotubes heterostructure with high capacitive deionization performance. Nano Energy, 2022, 97107146 J]

[41] ZhaoZ, GaoC, MaK, et al. . Pyrolysis derived helically nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes with uniform cobalt for high performance oxygen reduction. Applied Surface Science, 2020, 504144380 J]

[42] GaoT, ZhouF, MaW, et al. . Metal-organic-framework derived carbon polyhedron and carbon nanotube hybrids as electrode for electrochemical supercapacitor and capacitive deionization. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 26385-93 J]

[43] SofferA, FolmanM. The electrical double layer of high surface porous carbon electrode. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1972, 38(1): 25-43 J]

[44] ZhaoR, SatpraditO, RijnaartsH H M, et al. . Optimization of salt adsorption rate in membrane capacitive deionization. Water Research, 2013, 47(5): 1941-1952 J]

[45] SussM E, BaumannT F, BourcierW L, et al. . Capacitive desalination with flow-through electrodes. Energy & Environmental Science, 2012, 5(11): 9511-9519 J]

[46] JohnsonA M, NewmanJ. Desalting by means of porous carbon electrodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1971, 118(3): 510-517 J]

[47] AvrahamE, NokedM, BouhadanaY, et al. . Limitations of charge efficiency in capacitive deionization. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2009, 156(10): P157 J]

[48] AvrahamE, BouhadanaY, SofferA, et al. . Limitation of charge efficiency in capacitive deionization. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2009, 156695-99 J]

[49] TangJ, SalunkheR R, LiuJ, et al. . Thermal conversion of core–shell metal–organic frameworks: A new method for selectively functionalized nanoporous hybrid carbon. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(4): 1572-1580 J]

[50] XiaB, YanY, LiN, et al. . A metal–organic framework-derived bifunctional oxygenelectrocatalyst. Nature Energy, 2016, 115006 J]

[51] ChoK T, LeeS B, LeeJ W. Facile synthesis of highly electrocapacitive nitrogen-doped graphitic porous carbons. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014, 118(18): 9357-9367 J]

[52] SunL, TianC, FuY, et al. . Nitrogen-doped porous graphitic carbon as an excellent electrode material for advanced supercapacitors. Chemistry–A European Journal, 2014, 20(2): 564-574 J]

[53] KambleS, AgrawalS, CherumukkilS, et al. . Revisiting zeta potential, the key feature of interfacial phenomena, with applications and recent advancements. Chemistry Select, 2022, 7(1): e202103084[J]

[54] Al MahrouqiD, VinogradovJ, JacksonM D. Zeta potential of artificial and natural calcite in aqueous solution. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 24060-76 J]

[55] WangH, YanT, LiuP, et al. . In situ creating interconnected pores across 3D graphene architectures and their application as high performance electrodes for flow-through deionization capacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(13): 4908-4919 J]

[56] YangL, ChengS, DingY, et al. . Hierarchical network architectures of carbon fiber paper supported cobalt oxide nanonet for high-capacity pseudocapacitors. Nano Letters, 2012, 12(1): 321-325 J]

[57] XieZ, ShangX, YanJ, et al. . Biomass-derived porous carbon anode for high-performance capacitive deionization. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 290666-675 J]

[58] WangZ, YanT, ShiL, et al. . In situ expanding pores of dodecahedron-like carbon frameworks derived from MOFs for enhanced capacitive deionization. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(17): 15068-15078 J]

[59] ZhaoJ, LaiH, LyuZ, et al. . Hydrophilic hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages for ultrahigh supercapacitive performance. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(23): 3541-3545 J]