Thermal stress investigation of glazing unit filled with paraffin in cold regions

Abstract

In this study, based on the established heat transfer and mechanical stress models, thermal stress distribution of glazing unit filled with paraffin was studied for various temperature differences between indoor and outdoor conditions. The strain produced on the surface of glazing unit filled with paraffin varies greatly in the outdoor temperature range of − 30 °C–40 °C. Furthermore, phase change material (PCM) layer between the glass panes significantly affects the strain values at different temperatures, which can respectively reach up to about 250×10⁻⁶ and down to −300×10⁻⁶ for tensile and compressive strains once the paraffin is in liquid state. Additionally, impacts of boundary conditions on the strain values are more pronounced within the distance of 0.01 m from the edges of the glazing window. The presented model and outcomes can be used as a guide to simulate thermal stress in glazing units filled with paraffin.

Keywords

glazing unit / paraffin / thermal stress / temperature difference / stress distribution

References

[1] LiD, WuY-y, WangB-c, LiuC-y, AriciM. Optical and thermal performance of glazing units containing PCM in buildings: A review [J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 233: 117327

[2] LiD, WuY-y, LiuC-y, ZhangG-j, AriciM. Numerical investigation of thermal and optical performance of window units filled with nanoparticle enhanced PCM [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 1251321-1332

[3] LiD, WuY-y, ZhangG-j, AriciM, LiuC-y, WangF-qiang. Influence of glazed roof containing phase change material on indoor thermal environment and energy consumption [J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 222: 343-350

[4] AriciM, KanM. An investigation of flow and conjugate heat transfer in multiple pane windows with respect to gap width, emissivity and gas filling [J]. Renewable Energy, 2015, 75: 249-256

[5] FriessW A, RakhshanK. A review of passive envelope measures for improved building energy efficiency in the UAE [J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 72: 485-496

[6] Ávila-DelgadoJ, RobadorM D, Barrera-VeraJ A, MarreroM. Glazing selection procedure for office building retrofitting in the Mediterranean climate in Spain [J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, 33: 101448

[7] FavoinoF, OverendM, JinQ. The optimal thermo-optical properties and energy saving potential of adaptive glazing technologies [J]. Applied Energy, 2015, 1561-15

[8] FangY-p, MemonS, PengJ-q, TyrerM, MingT-zhen. Solar thermal performance of two innovative configurations of air-vacuum layered triple glazed windows [J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 150: 167-175

[9] KirankumarG, SaboorS, ValiS S, MahapatraD, TalankiP S A B, KimK H. Thermal and cost analysis of various air filled double glazed reflective windows for energy efficient buildings [J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 28: 101055

[10] TükelM, MumcuoğluK, AriciM, KarabayH. Analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in multiple glazing roofs with a special emphasis on the thermal performance [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 148694-703

[11] XamánJ, Rodriguez-AkeA, Zavala-GuillénI, Hernández-PérezI, ArceJ, SaucedaD. Thermal performance analysis of a roof with a PCM-layer under Mexican weather conditions [J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 149: 773-785

[12] Olmos NavarreteB A, Puga JuárezH, OlmosL, Jara GuerreroJ M, GarnicaP. Failure behavior of annealed glass for building windows [J]. Engineering Structures, 2017, 141: 417-426

[13] WangQ-s, ZhangY, WangY, SunJ-h, HeL-hui. Dynamic three-dimensional stress prediction of window glass under thermal loading [J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2012, 59: 152-160

[14] CALLISTER W D, RETHWISCH D G. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction [M]. 9th ed, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2014.

[15] WangQ-s, ZhangY, SunJ-h, WenJ, DembeleS. Temperature and thermal stress simulation of window glass exposed to fire [J]. Procedia Engineering, 2011, 11: 452-460

[16] LuW, DuanQ-l, ChenH-d, LiH, LiuY-j, WangQ-s, SunJ-hua. Thermal response and resistance optimization of various types of point-supported glass facades [J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 224: 610-621

[17] ShieldsT J, SilcockG W H, FloodM F. Performance of a single glazing assembly exposed to enclosure corner fires of increasing severity [J]. Fire and Materials, 2001, 25(4): 123-152

[18] ShieldsJ, SilcockG W H, FloodF. Behaviour of double glazing in corner fires [J]. Fire Technology, 2005, 41(1): 37-65

[19] JoshiA A, PagniP J. Fire-induced thermal fields in window glass. II—Experiments [J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1994, 22(1): 45-65

[20] FanB-w, ZhuK-q, ShiQ, SunT, YuanN-y, DingJ-ning. Effect of glass thickness on temperature gradient and stress distribution during glass tempering [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2016, 437: 72-79

[21] WangY, LiK, SuY-f, LuW, WangQ-s, SunJ-h, HeL-h, LiewK M. Determination of critical breakage conditions for double glazing in fire [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 111: 20-29

[22] KlassenM S, SutulaJ A, HoltonM M, RobyR J. Transmission through and breakage of single and multi-pane glazing due to radiant exposure: State of research [J]. Fire Technology, 2010, 46(4): 821-832

[23] CuzzilloB R, PagniP J. Thermal breakage of double-pane glazing by fire [J]. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 1998, 9(1): 1-11

[24] SajawalM, RehmanT U, AliH M, SajjadU, RazaA, BhattiM S. Experimental thermal performance analysis of finned tube-phase change material based double pass solar air heater [J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2019, 15: 100543

[25] AliH M. Recent advancements in PV cooling and efficiency enhancement integrating phase change materials based systems–A comprehensive review [J]. Solar Energy, 2020, 197163-198

[26] TariqS L, AliH M, AkramM A, JanjuaM M, AhmadlouydarabM. Nanoparticles enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs)–A recent review [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 176: 115305

[27] LiuF-h, XuJ-x, WangH-t, WangH. Numerical method and model for calculating thermal storage time for an annular tube with phase change material [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2017, 24(1): 217-226

[28] SiavashiM, TaleshB H R, AminianE, SaffariH. Numerical analysis on forced convection enhancement in an annulus using porous ribs and nanoparticle addition to base fluid [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2019, 26(5): 1089-1098

[29] AmiA H, VarijiN, KaabinejadianA, MoghimiM, SiavashiM. Optimal design and sensitivity analysis of energy storage for concentrated solar power plants using phase change material by gradient metal foams [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 35102233

[30] MousaviS, SiavashiM, HeyhatM M. Numerical melting performance analysis of a cylindrical thermal energy storage unit using nano-enhanced PCM and multiple horizontal fins [J]. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2019, 75(8): 560-577

[31] YangH, LiuY, KongX-f, ChenW-h, YaoC-qiang. Preparation and hygrothermal performance of composite phase change material wallboard with humidity control based on expanded perlite/diatomite/paraffin [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2018, 25(10): 2387-2398

[32] XiangJ-h, ZhangC-l, ZhouC, LiuG-y, ZhouW. Heat transfer performance testing of a new type of phase change heat sink for high power light emitting diode [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2018, 25(7): 1708-1716

[33] HeyhatM M, MousaviS, SiavashiM. Battery thermal management with thermal energy storage composites of PCM, metal foam, fin and nanoparticle [J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 28101235

[34] SariA, AlkanC, BilginC. Micro/nano encapsulation of some paraffin eutectic mixtures with poly(methyl methacrylate) shell: Preparation, characterization and latent heat thermal energy storage properties [J]. Applied Energy, 2014, 136217-227

[35] YangH, ChenW-h, KongX-f, RongX. Fabrication, property characterization and thermal performance of composite phase change material plates based on tetradecanol-myristic acid binary eutectic mixture/expanded perlite and expanded vermiculite for building application [J]. Journal of Central South University, 2019, 26(9): 2578-2595

[36] LiD, ZhangC-j, LiQ, LiuC-y, AriciM, WuY-yang. Thermal performance evaluation of glass window combining silica aerogels and phase change materials for cold climate of China [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 165: 114547

[37] LiuC-y, WuY-y, BianJ, LiD, LiuX-yan. Influence of PCM design parameters on thermal and optical performance of multi-layer glazed roof [J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 212151-161

[38] LiuC-y, WuY-y, ZhuY-j, LiD, MaL-yong. Experimental investigation of optical and thermal performance of a PCM-glazed unit for building applications [J]. Energy and Buildings, 2018, 158: 794-800

[39] ParkJ H, JeonJ, LeeJ, WiS, YunB Y, KimS. Comparative analysis of the PCM application according to the building type as retrofit system [J]. Building and Environment, 2019, 151: 291-302

[40] GoiaF, ZinziM, CarnieloE, SerraV. Spectral and angular solar properties of a PCM-filled double glazing unit [J]. Energy and Buildings, 2015, 87: 302-312

[41] GoiaF, BoccaleriE. Physical-chemical properties evolution and thermal properties reliability of a paraffin wax under solar radiation exposure in a real-scale PCM window system [J]. Energy and Buildings, 2016, 119: 41-50

[42] DurakovicB, TorlakM. Experimental and numerical study of a PCM window model as a thermal energy storage unit [J]. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 2017, 12(3): 272-280

[43] LiD, LiZ-w, ZhengY-m, LiuC-y, HusseinA K, LiuX-yan. Thermal performance of a PCM-filled double-glazing unit with different thermophysical parameters of PCM [J]. Solar Energy, 2016, 133: 207-220

[44] LiD, WuY-y, LiuC-y, ZhangG-j, AriciM. Energy investigation of glazed windows containing nano-PCM in different seasons [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 172: 119-128

[45] LiD, MaT-f, LiuC-y, ZhengY-m, WangZ-g, LiuX-yan. Thermal performance of a PCM-filled double glazing unit with different optical properties of phase change material [J]. Energy and Buildings, 2016, 119: 143-152

[46] LachhebM, KarkriM, AlbouchiF, MzaliF, NasrallahS B. Thermophysical properties estimation of paraffin/graphite composite phase change material using an inverse method [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014, 82: 229-237

[47] KamaliS. Review of free cooling system using phase change material for building [J]. Energy and Buildings, 2014, 80: 131-136

[48] FangX, FanL-w, DingQ, YaoX-l, WuY-y, HouJ-f, WangX, YuZ-t, ChengG-hua. Thermal energy storage performance of paraffin-based composite phase change materials filled with hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2014, 80: 103-109

[49] MoragaN O, XamánJ P, ArayaR H. Cooling Li-ion batteries of racing solar car by using multiple phase change materials [J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 108: 1041-1054

[50] LiuC-y, ZhangG-j, AriciM, BianJ, LiD. Thermal performance of non-ventilated multilayer glazing facades filled with phase change material [J]. Solar Energy, 2019, 177: 464-470

[51] DembeleS, RosarioR A F, WenJ X. Thermal breakage of window glass in room fires conditions–Analysis of some important parameters [J]. Building and Environment, 2012, 54: 61-70

[52] WangY, WangQ-s, ShaoG-z, ChenH-d, SunJ-h, HeL-h, LiewkM. Experimental study on critical breaking stress of float glass under elevated temperature [J]. Materials & Design, 2014, 60: 41-49

[53] ChowdhuryH, CortieM B. Thermal stresses and cracking in absorptive solar glazing[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2007, 21(2): 464-468

[54] LiuC-y, WuY-y, LiD, ZhouY-m, WangZ-g, LiuX-yan. Effect of PCM thickness and melting temperature on thermal performance of double glazing units [J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2017, 11: 87-95

[55] ChowW K, GaoY. Thermal stresses on window glasses upon heating [J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2008, 22(11): 2157-2164

[56] ZhongK-c, LiS-h, SunG-f, LiS-s, ZhangX-song. Simulation study on dynamic heat transfer performance of PCM-filled glass window with different thermophysical parameters of phase change material [J]. Energy and Buildings, 2015, 106: 87-95