Selective laser melted near-beta titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe: Microstructure and mechanical properties

Abstract

In this work, a near-beta Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe titanium alloy was fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), and the microstructure evolution together with the mechanical properties was studied. The as-fabricated alloy showed columnar β grains spreading over multiple layers and paralleling to the building direction. The distinct microstructure of as-fabricated alloy was composed of near-β (more than 98.1 %) with a submicron cellular structure. Different SLM processing parameters such as hatch spacing could affect the microstructure of as-fabricated alloy, which could thus further significantly affect the mechanical properties of as-fabricated alloy. In addition, the as-fabricated alloy with the distinct microstructure exhibits yield strength of 818 MPa combined with elongation of more than 19 %, which shows that SLM is a potential technology for manufacturing near-beta titanium components.

Keywords

selective laser melting / Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe / near-β and β-titanium alloy / cellular structure / precipitation

References

[1] GuD D, MeinersW, WissenbachK, PopraweR. Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: Materials, processes and mechanisms [J]. International Materials Reviews, 2012, 57(3): 133-164

[2] DuttaB, FroesF HAdditive manufacturing of titanium alloys [M], 2016, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier

[3] LiN, HuangS, ZhangG-d, QinR-y, LiuW, XiongH-p, ShiG-q, BlackburnJ. Progress in additive manufacturing on new materials: A review [J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2019, 35(2): 242-269

[4] StoltR, ElghF. Introducing design for selective laser melting in aerospace industry [J]. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 2020, 7(4): 489-497

[5] LiuM, LiuS-c, ChenW, ChenC, LvY, ZhangX-y, LeiP-f, LinY-c, ZhouK-C. Effect of trace lanthanum hexaboride on the phase, grain structure, and texture of electron beam melted Ti6Al-4V [J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2019, 30: 100873

[6] ZhangQ, LiangZ-l, CaoM, LiuZ-f, ZhangA-f, LuB-H. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V alloy prepared by selective laser melting combined with precision forging [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2017, 27(5): 1036-1042

[7] GuoK-k, LiuC-s, ChenS-y, DongH-h, WangS-Y. High pressure EIGA preparation and 3D printing capability of Ti-6Al-4V powder [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2020, 30(1): 147-159

[8] ThijsL, VerhaegheF, CraeghsT, HumbeeckJ V, KruthJ P. A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V [J]. Acta Materialia, 2010, 58(9): 3303-3312

[9] ZhaoX-l, LiS-j, ZhangM, LiuY-d, SercombeT B, WangS-g, HaoY-l, YangR, MurrL E. Comparison of the microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting [J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 9521-31

[10] NeikterM, WoracekR, MaimaitiyiliT, ScheffzükC, StroblM, AnttiM L, ÅkerfeldtP, PedersonR, BjerkénC. Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction [J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2018, 23: 225-234

[11] YuH-c, YangJ-j, YinJ, WangZ-m, ZengX-Y. Comparison on mechanical anisotropies of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 304 stainless steel [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2017, 695: 92-100

[12] RafiH K, KarthikN V, GongH-j, StarrT L, StuckerB E. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V parts fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting [J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2013, 22(12): 3872-3883

[13] YangJ-j, YuH-c, YinJ, GaoM, WangZ-m, ZengX-Y. Formation and control of martensite in Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by selective laser melting [J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 108: 308-318

[14] MishraA K, KumarA. Numerical and experimental analysis of the effect of volumetric energy absorption in powder layer on thermal-fluidic transport in selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2019, 111: 227-239

[15] ChenC-y, GuD-d, DaiD-h, DuL, WangR, MaC-l, XiaM-J. Laser additive manufacturing of layered TiB₂/Ti6Al4V multi-material parts: Understanding thermal behavior evolution [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2019, 119: 105666

[16] AttarH, LöberL, FunkA, CalinM, ZhangL C, PrashanthK G, ScudinoS, ZhangY S, EckertJ. Mechanical behavior of porous commercially pure Ti and Ti-TiB composite materials manufactured by selective laser melting [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2015, 625350-356

[17] AttarH, BönischM, CalinM, ZhangL C, ZhuravlevaK, FunkA, ScudinoS, YangC, EckertJ. Comparative study of microstructures and mechanical properties of in situ Ti-TiB composites produced by selective laser melting, powder metallurgy, and casting technologies [J]. Journal of Materials Research, 2014, 29(17): 1941-1950

[18] LiZ, TianX-j, TangH-b, WangH-M. Low cycle fatigue behavior of laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2013, 23(9): 2591-2597

[19] LiuC M, WangH M, TianX J, TangH B, LiuD. Microstructure and tensile properties of laser melting deposited Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe near β titanium alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2013, 586: 323-329

[20] LiuY J, WangH L, LiS J, WangS G, WangW J, HouW T, HaoY L, YangR, ZhangL C. Compressive and fatigue behavior of beta-type titanium porous structures fabricated by electron beam melting [J]. Acta Materialia, 2017, 126: 58-66

[21] QiuC-l, RaviG A, AttallahM M. Microstructural control during direct laser deposition of a β-titanium alloy [J]. Materials & Design, 2015, 81: 21-30

[22] XieL-c, GuoH-j, SongY-l, LiuC, WangZ-q, HuaL, WangL-q, ZhangL. Effects of electroshock treatment on microstructure evolution and texture distribution of near-β titanium alloy manufactured by directed energy deposition [J]. Materials Characterization, 2020, 161: 110137

[23] MantriS A, BanerjeeR. Microstructure and microtexture evolution of additively manufactured β-Ti alloys [J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2018, 2386-98

[24] SchwabH, PalmF, KühnU, EckertJ. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the near-beta titanium alloy Ti-5553 processed by selective laser melting [J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 105: 75-80

[25] QiuC-l, LiuQ. Multi-scale microstructural development and mechanical properties of a selectively laser melted beta titanium alloy [J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2019, 30: 100893

[26] LiuY J, LiS J, WangH L, HouW T, HaoY L, YangR, SercombeT B, ZhangL C. Microstructure, defects and mechanical behavior of beta-type titanium porous structures manufactured by electron beam melting and selective laser melting [J]. Acta Materialia, 2016, 11356-67

[27] VranckenB, ThijsL, KruthJ P, Van HumbeeckJ. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel β titanium metallic composite by selective laser melting [J]. Acta Materialia, 2014, 68: 150-158

[28] ChenW, ChenC, ZiX-h, ChengX-f, ZhangX-y, LinY-c, ZhouK-C. Controlling the microstructure and mechanical properties of a metastable β titanium alloy by selective laser melting [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2018, 726: 240-250

[29] LiuY J, ZhangY S, ZhangL C. Transformation-induced plasticity and high strength in beta titanium alloy manufactured by selective laser melting [J]. Materialia, 2019, 6: 100299

[30] ZhouL-b, YuanT-c, TangJ-z, HeJ-j, LiR-D. Mechanical and corrosion behavior of titanium alloys additively manufactured by selective laser melting-A comparison between nearly β titanium, α titanium and α+β titanium [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2019, 119105625

[31] IvasishinO M, MarkovskyP E, MatviychukY V, SemiatinS L, WardC H, FoxS. A comparative study of the mechanical properties of high-strength β-titanium alloys [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008, 457(1): 296-309 2

[32] SinghP, PungotraH, KalsiN S. On the characteristics of titanium alloys for the aircraft applications [J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017, 4(8): 8971-8982

[33] BoyerR R. An overview on the use of titanium in the aerospace industry [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 1996, 213(1): 103-114 2

[34] AhmedT, RackH J. Phase transformations during cooling in α+β titanium alloys [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 1998, 243(1): 206-211 2

[35] BanerjeeD, WilliamsJ C. Perspectives on titanium science and technology [J]. Acta Materialia, 2013, 61(3): 844-879

[36] WeissI, SemiatinS L. Thermomechanical processing of beta titanium alloys—An overview [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 1998, 243(1): 46-65 2

[37] MoiseyevV NTitanium alloys: Russian aircraft and aerospace application [M], 2005, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 75-77

[38] XuW, BrandtM, SunS, ElambasserilJ, LiuQ, LathamK, XiaK, QianM. Additive manufacturing of strong and ductile Ti-6Al-4V by selective laser melting via in situ martensite decomposition [J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 85: 74-84

[39] NiM, ChenC, WangX-j, WangP-w, LiR-d, ZhangX-y, ZhouK-C. Anisotropic tensile behavior of in situ precipitation strengthened Inconel 718 fabricated by additive manufacturing [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2017, 701: 344-351

[40] CarrollB E, PalmerT A, BeeseA M. Anisotropic tensile behavior of Ti-6Al-4V components fabricated with directed energy deposition additive manufacturing [J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 87: 309-320

[41] ZhangM-k, YangY-q, WangD, XiaoZ-f, SongC-h, WengC-W. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti₆AUV gradient structures manufactured by selective laser melting [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2018, 736: 288-297

[42] HozoorbakhshA, IsmailM I S, AzizN B A. A computational analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow in high-speed scanning of laser micro-welding [J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2015, 68: 178-187

[43] LeT N, LoY L. Effects of sulfur concentration and Marangoni convection on melt-pool formation in transition mode of selective laser melting process [J]. Materials & Design, 2019, 179107866

[44] LuoL, MaoX-n, YangG-j, NiuR-R. Brief Introduction for BT22 titanium alloy [J]. Material & Heat Treatment, 2009, 38(14): 14-16(in Chinese)