Green large-scale production of N/O-dual doping hard carbon derived from bagasse as high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries are considered as a promising candidate for lithium-ion batteries due to abundant sodium resources and similar intercalation chemistry. Hard carbon derived from biomass with the virtue of abundance and renewability is a cost-effective anode material. Herein, hard carbon is derived from renewable bagasse through a simple two-step method combining mechanical ball milling with carbonization. The hard carbon electrodes exhibit superior electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 315 mA-h/g. Furthermore, the initial capacity of the full cell, HC//NaMn_0.4Ni_0.4Ti_0.1Mg_0.1O₂, is 253 mA·h/g and its capacity retention rate is 77% after 80 cycles, which further verifies its practical application. The simple and low-cost preparation process, as well as excellent electrochemical properties, demonstrates that hard carbon derived from bagasse is a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries.

Keywords

anode / hard carbon / sodium-ion batteries / cycling stability / full cell

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