Crystallization characteristics of Ni-W-P composite coatings reinforced by CeO₂ and SiO₂ nano-particles

Abstract

Ni-W-P composite coatings reinforced by CeO₂ and SiO₂ nano-particles on the surface of common carbon steels, were prepared by double pulse electrodeposition. The crystallization course was characterized by phase structures, crystallinity, grain sizes and microstructures. The results indicate that as-deposited composite coating is amorphous. Whereas it turns into the crystalline structure with 98.25% crystallinity, and Ni₃P, Ni₂P and Ni₅P₂ alloy phases precipitate from structures at 400 °C. Thereafter, Ni₂P and Ni₅P₂ metastable alloy phases turn into Ni₃P stable alloy phase at 500 °C. The crystallization course of the composite coating has finished when being heat-treated at 700 °C. The average sizes of Ni grains increase with the rise of heat treatment temperature from 400 °C to 700 °C. CeO₂ and SiO₂ nano-particles deposited into Ni-W-P alloys can delay the crystallization course and habit the growth of alloy phases.

Keywords

composite coating / double pulse electrodeposition / Ni-W-P / nano-particles / crystallization characteristics

References

[1] XuR-d, WangJ-l, HeL-f, GuoZ-cheng2. Study on the characteristics of Ni-W-P composite coatings containing nano-SiO₂ and nano-CeO₂ particles [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2008, 202(8): 1574-1579

[2] MelendezN M, McDonaldA G. Development of WC-based metal matrix composite coatings using low-pressure cold gas dynamic spraying [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2013, 214: 101-109

[3] AmadoJ M, MonteroJ, TobarM J. Ni-based metal matrix composite functionally graded coatings [J]. Physics Procedia, 2012, 39: 362-367

[4] IndykaaP, Beltowska-LehmanbE, TarkowskibL, BigosbA, Garcia-LecinacE. Structure characterization of nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys obtained by electrodeposition [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 590: 75-79

[5] Ashassi-SorkhabiH, Es’haghiM. Corrosion resistance enhancement of electroless Ni-P coating by incorporation of ultrasonically dispersed diamond nanoparticles [J]. Corrosion Science, 2013, 77: 185-193

[6] WangH-l, LiuL-y, DouY, ZhangW-z, JiangW-feng. Preparation and corrosion resistance of electroless Ni-P/SiC functionally gradient coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2013, 286: 319-327

[7] SheuH H, HuangP C, TsaiL C, HouK H. Effects of plating parameters on the Ni-P-Al₂O₃ composite coatings prepared by pulse and direct current plating [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2013, 23: 529-535

[8] HeF J, FangY Z, JinS J. The study of corrosion-wear mechanism of Ni-W-P alloy [J]. Wear, 2014, 311(1/2): 14-20

[9] LiuH, GuoR-x, LiuZhu. Characteristics of microstructure and performance of laser-treated electroless Ni-P/Ni-W-P duplex coatings [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012, 22(12): 3012-3020

[10] BalarajuJ N, EzhilS V, WilliamG V K, RajamK S. Electrochemical studies on electroless ternary and quaternary Ni-P based alloys [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2006, 52(3): 1064-1074

[11] BalarajuJ N, RajamK S. Electroless deposition of Ni-Cu-P, Ni-W-P and Ni-W-Cu-P alloys [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2005, 195(2/3): 154-161

[12] ZhouX-w, ShenY-fu. Beneficial effects of CeO₂ addition on microstructure and corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Ni nanocrystalline coatings [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2013, 235: 433-446

[13] KarthikeyanS, SrinivasanK N, VasudevanT. Study on electroless Ni-P-Cr₂O₃ and Ni-P-SiO₂ composite coatings [J]. Electroplating and Finishing, 2007, 26(1): 1-6

[14] JinH-m, JiangS-h, ZhangL-nan. Microstructure and corrosion behavior of electroless deposited Ni-P/CeO₂ coating [J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2008, 19(11): 1367-1370

[15] XuR-d, WangJ-l, GuoZ-c, WangHua. Effects of rare earth on microstructures and properties of Ni-W-P-CeO₂-SiO₂ nano-composite coatings [J]. Journal of Rare Earths, 2008, 26(4): 579-583

[16] HongB, JiangC-h, WangX-j, WuJ-sheng. XRD analysis of phase transformation and kinetics of Ni-P amorphous film [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2006, 42(7): 699-702

[17] YangL-k, JiangY-f, YangF-z, WuD-y, TianZ-qun. Phase transformation sequence of mixed-structural electroless Ni-19.7%P deposit [J]. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2013, 235: 277-282

[18] KeongK G, ShaW, MalinovS. Crystallisation kinetics and phase transformation behaviour of electroless nickel-phosphorus deposits with high phosphorus content [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2002, 334(1/2): 192-199

[19] MaE M, LuoS F, LiP X. A transmission electron microscopy study on the crystallization of amorphous Ni-P electroless deposited coatings [J]. Thin Solid Films, 1988, 166(1): 273-280

[20] IndykaP, Beltowska-LehmanE, TarkowskiL, BigosA, García-LecinaE. Structure characterization of nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys obtained by electrodeposition [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 590: 75-79

[21] XuX-l, LiS-m, SongZ-g, JiaZ-hui. The effect of content of W on electroless depositing Ni-W-P alloy [J]. Journal of Materials Protection, 2007, 40(9): 34-35

[22] BalarajuJ N, Kalavati, ManikandanathN T, WilliamG V K. Phase transformation behavior of nanocrystalline Ni-W-P alloys containing various W and P contents [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2012, 206(10): 2682-2689

[23] DennyT, RonnyL, AndreasB. Influence of pulse plating parameters on the electrocodeposition of matrix metal nanocomposites [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2007, 52(25): 7362-7371

[24] Vazquez-ArenasJ, TreeratanaphitakT, PritzkerM. Formation of Co-Ni alloy coatings under direct current, pulse current and pulse-reverse plating conditions [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 62: 63-72

[25] ZimmermanaA F, ClarkbD G, AustbK T. Pulse electrodeposition of Ni-SiC nanocomposite [J]. Materials Letters, 2002, 52(1/2): 85-90

[26] KostaI, VicenzoA, MüllerC, SarretM. Mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline cobalt phosphorous by pulse plating [J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2012, 207: 443-449

[27] EmekliU, WestA C. Simulation of electrochemical nucleation in the presence of additives under galvanostatic and pulsed plating conditions [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 56(2): 977-984

[28] XuR-d, WangJ-l, ZhangY-z, ZhouJ-feng. Initial growth behavior and deposition mechanism of pulse electrodepositing Ni-W-P/CeO₂-SiO₂ composites [J]. Advanced Science Letters, 2011, 4(3): 1072-1077

[29] XuR-d, WangJ-l, GuoZ-c, WangHua. Effects of rare earth on microstructures and properties of Ni-W-P-CeO₂-SiO₂ nano-composite coatings [J]. Journal of Rare Earth, 2008, 26(4): 579-583

[30] ZhangG-q, XuD-p, WangD-y, ZhangL, SongG-x, SunJ-z, LiuX-m, SuW-hui. Structural transition of nanometer SiO₂ powders under high pressure and high temperature [J]. Journal of Jilin University, 2008, 46(2): 311-313