Chemical compositions and source apportionment of atmospheric PM₁₀ in suburban area of Changsha, China

Abstract

Source apportionment of particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) was conducted in the suburban area of Changsha, China. PM₁₀ samples for 24 h collected with TEOM 1400a and ACCU system in July and October 2008 were chemically analyzed by the wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF). Source appointment was implemented by the principal component analysis/absolute principal component analysis (PCA/APCA) to identify the possible sources and to quantify the contributions of the sources to PM₁₀. Results show that as the PM₁₀ concentration is increased from (85.6±43.7) μg/m³ in July 2008 to (107.6±35.7) μg/m³ in October 2008, the concentrations of the anthropogenic elements (P, S, Cl, K, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) are basically increased but concentrations of the natural elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe) are essentially decreased. Six main sources of PM₁₀ are identified in the suburban of Changsha, China: soil dust, secondary aerosols, domestic oil combustion, waste incineration, traffic emission, and industrial emission contribute 57.7%, 24.0%, 9.8%, 5.0%, 2.0%, and 1.5%, respectively. Soil dust and secondary aerosols are the two major sources of particulate air pollution in suburban area of Changsha, China, so effective measures should be taken to control these two particulate pollutants.

Keywords

particulate matters / PM₁₀ / chemical composition / receptor modeling / principal component analysis / suburban

References

[1] ChanC. K., YaoX.. Air pollution in mega cities in China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(1): 1-42

[2] KaiserJ.. Mounting evidence indicts fine-particle pollution [J]. Science, 2005, 307(5717): 1858-1861

[3] BrunekreefB., HolgateS. T.. Air pollution and health [J]. Lancet, 2002, 360(9341): 1233-1242

[4] McdonnellW. F., Nishino-IshikawaN., PetersenF. F., ChenL. H., AbbeyD. E.. Relationships of mortality with the fine and coarse fractions of long-term ambient PM₁₀ concentrations in nonsmokers [J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 2000, 10(5): 427-436

[5] OstroB., FengW. Y., BroadwinR., GreenS., LipsettM.. The effects of components of fine particulate air pollution on mortality in California: Results from CALFINE [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, 115(1): 13-19

[6] González-FlechaB.. Oxidant mechanisms in response to ambient air particles [J]. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2004, 25(2): 169-182

[7] WatsonJ. G., ZhuT., ChowJ. C., EngelbrechtJ., FujitaE. M., WilsonW. E.. Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment [J]. Chemosphere, 2002, 49(9): 1093-1136

[8] ManoliE., VoutsaD., SamaraC.. Chemical characterization and source identification/apportionment of fine and coarse air particles in Thessaloniki, Greece [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36(6): 949-961

[9] KararK., GuptaA. K.. Source apportionment of PM₁₀ at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata, India [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2007, 84(1): 30-41

[10] ItoK., XueN., ThurstonG.. Spatial variation of PM_2.5 chemical species and source-apportioned mass concentrations in New York City [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(31): 5269-5282

[11] SongY., XieS., ZhangY., ZengL., SalmonL. G., ZhengM.. Source apportionment of PM_2.5 in Beijing using principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores and UNMIX [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 372(1): 278-286

[12] ThurstonG. D., SpenglerJ. D.. A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1985, 19(1): 9-25

[13] SunY., ZhuangG., WangY., HanL., GuoJ., DanM., ZhangW., WangZ., HaoZ.. The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing: Concentration composition, distribution and sources [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(35): 5991-6004

[14] ChaloulakouA., KassomenosP., SpyrellisN., DemokritouP., KoutrakisP.. Measurements of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 particle concentrations in Athens, Greece [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(5): 649-660

[15] WangX., BiX., ShengG., FuJ.. Chemical composition and sources of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 aerosols in Guangzhou, China [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2006, 119(1/3): 425-439

[16] CelisJ. E., MoralesJ. R., ZarorC. A., InzunzaJ. C.. A study of particulate matter PM₁₀ composition in the atmosphere of Chillán, Chile [J]. Chemosphere, 2004, 54(4): 541-550

[17] RöösliM., TheisG. N., KünzliN., StaehelinJ., MathysP., OglesbyL., CamenzindM., Braun-FahrländerC. H.. Temporal and spatial variation of the chemical composition of PM₁₀ at urban and rural sites in the Basel area, Switzerland [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(21): 3701-3713

[18] SternbeckJ., Sjödin, AndréassonK.. Metal emissions from road traffic and the influence of re-suspension-results from two tunnel studies [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36(30): 4735-4744

[19] PacynaE. G., PacynaJ. M.. Current and future emissions of selected heavy metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(38): 8557-8566

[20] LallR., ThurstonG. D.. Identifying and quantifying transported vs. local sources of New York City PM_2.5 fine particulate matter air pollution [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(S2): 333-346

[21] MarcazzanG. M., CerianiM., ValliG., VecchiR.. Source apportionment of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in Milan (Italy) using receptor modeling [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2003, 317(1/3): 137-147

[22] LiuX. D., EspenP. V., AdamsF., CafmeyerJ., MaenhautW.. Biomass burning in Southern Africa: Individual particle characterization of atmospheric aerosols and savanna fire samples [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2000, 36(2): 135-155

[23] HoK. F., CaoJ. J., LeeS. C., ChanC. K.. Source apportionment of PM_2.5 in urban area of Hong Kong [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 38(1): 73-85