Rheological properties of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) and poly(acrylamide-co-sodium vinylsulfonate) solutions

Abstract

Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) (PAM/AA-Na) and poly(acrylamide-co-sodium vinylsulfonate) (PAM/VSS-Na) were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization. The effects of CaCl₂ on PAM/VSS-Na or PAM/VSS-Na aqueous solutions were investigated by steady-flow experiments at 25, 40, 55 and 70 °. The results show that the apparent viscosities of both solutions decrease with addition of CaCl₂ or increase of temperature and shear rates. PAM/VSS-Na solution has better performance on the salt tolerance, shear endurance and temperature resistance due to containing sulfonic group in the molecules. Ca²⁺ concentration can affect the viscous activation energy of both solutions and the reason may be that these interactions between Ca²⁺ and also copolymer molecules are related to temperature and competitive in solution. These results may offer the basic data for searching the flooding systems with the ability of temperature resistance, salt tolerance and shear endurance for tertiary oil recovery.

Keywords

polyacrylamide / sodium vinylsulfonate / rheological properties / salt tolerant / temperature resistant

References

[1] FengY.-j., GrasslB., BillonL., KhoukhA., FrançoisJ.. Effects of NaCl on steady rheological behaviour in aqueous solutions of hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide and its partially hydrolyzed analogues prepared by post-modification [J]. Polym Int, 2002, 51(10): 939-947

[2] HanD.-k., YangC.-z., ZhangZ.-q., LouZ.-h., ChangY. I.. Recent development of enhanced oil recovery in China [J]. J Petrol Sci Eng, 1999, 22(3): 181-188

[3] RosenM. J., WangH.-z., ShenP.-p., ZhuY.-yi.. Ultralow interfacial tension for enhanced oil recovery at very low surfactant concentrations [J]. Langmuir, 2005, 21(9): 3749-3756

[4] XinX., XuG.-y., WuD., LiY.-m., CaoX.-rong.. The effect of CaCl₂ on the interaction between hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and sodium strarate: Rheological property study [J]. Colloids Surf A, 2007, 305(1/3): 138-144

[5] GongH.-j., XinX., XuG.-y., WangY.-jing.. The dynamic interfacial tension between HPAM/C₁₇H₃₃COONa mixed solution and crude oil in the presence of sodium halide [J]. Colloids Surf A, 2008, 317(1/3): 522-527

[6] YangM. H.. The rheological behavior of polyacrylamide solution II: Yield stress [J]. Polym Test, 2000, 20(6): 635-642

[7] SabhaponditA., BrothakurA., HaqueI.. Water soluble acrylamidomethyl propane sulfonate (AMPS) copolymer as an enhanced oil recovery chemical [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2003, 87(12): 683-688

[8] LiH.-p., HuY.-h., WangD.-z., XuJ.. Effect of hydroxamic acid polymers on reverse flotation of bauxite [J]. J Cent South Univ Technol, 2004, 11(3): 291-294

[9] ZhangJ.-f., HuY.-h., WangD.-zuo.. Preparation and determination of hydroximic polyacrylamide [J]. J Cent South Univ Technol, 2002, 9(3): 177-180

[10] LewandowskaK.. Comparative studies of rheological properties polyacrylamide and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions [J]. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007, 103(4): 2235-2241