The study area was located in Liangshui Natural Reserve. Xaoxing’an Mountains. Northeastern China Korean pine forests are the typical forest ecosystem and landscapes in this region. It is a high degrees of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at different scales, which effected on landscape pattern and processes. In this paper we used the data of 144 plots and semivariogram to analyze spatial heterogeneity of old growth forests of Korean pine in landscape level. Model for forest variations by isotropic semivariogram is linear with sill. The spatial heterogeneity is dependent on scales and directions in Korean pine forests. Patterns of forest types in space were resulted from complex interactions between physical and biological forces. We used 20 metres for interpolation interval to estimate the values of unsampled area. Comparing the results with field data, block kriging and mapping are an effective techniques to simulate landscape pattern.

The Chapman-Richards Function and its two exception cases in applications were discussed and compared with the Schnute model in stand growth studies. Compared from all perspective, it was found that the Schnute model commonly used in forestry was identical to the Chapman-Richards function. If some parameter in the Chapman-Richards Function was unconstraint, the function could also be very versatile to fit some exceptional growth curves, the fitted function should be identical to that the Schnute model.

The photosynthesis of ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) and larch (Larix gmelini) in pure and mixture plantation stands was measured and the influence of the microclimate on the photosynthesis was analyzed in this study. The result shows that the net photosynthetic rate (NPR) of ash is higher in mixed stand than in pure one, 61.64% higher in the measuring day. The NPR of larch is approximately the same in the two stands. The microclimate in the mixed ash-larch stand is much different from that in the pure one. The temperature is moderate in the mixture stand, e.g., the maximum temperature in the mixture stand is lower and the minimum temperature is higher than that in the pure ash stand. The relative air moisture is higher in the mixture stand. The microclimate in the mixture stand benefits the photosynthesis of ash, considered as one of the important reasons that make the mixture stand more productive.

This paper studied how dynamically to evaluate regional ecological benefits of windbreak systems in a county scale. Data of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, crop yield and forest cover percentage were investigated and collected in some of counties of Heilongjiang Province, where windbreak systems were established in the last thirty years. Through analysis, an evaluation index system estimating regional ecological benefits of windbreak systems was set up, which consists of both a vegetation index system and a climate index system. The former includes a forest cover percentage index and a crop yield index: the later does three variable indexes of wind speed, air temperature and humidity. An integrated regional ecological benefit index was developed through combinations of some coined evaluation indexes from the evaluation system. And to take Zhaozhou County and Anda County as a case study, the regional ecological benefits since establishment of windbreak systems of the two counties were evaluated dynamically using the integrated index.

The mutual-belt selective cutting was conducted in the secondary poplar-birch forests. The changes of environmental factors after cutting were observed. The environmental factors of effect belts(cutting belts) of 15 m in width had great changes. 10-m effect belts had unnoticed changes in environmental factors. The reserved belts with 10-m effect belts had a greater increase in DBH growth rate and volume growth rate. The reserved belts for 6-m and 8-m effect belts had lower increase in DBH and volume. The environmental factors of 6-m and 8-m effect belts did not change much, comparing with their reserved belts. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis for environmental factors between each two belts were also made, and the results proved that 10-m cutting belt is the best way for management of the secondary poplar-birch forests.

The data of provenance trial onJuglans mandshurica young tree were investigated and studied from different provenance. Analysis methods of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze these data. The following conclusons were obtained: (1) The difference of growth characters ofJuglans mandshurica is relatively significant among provenances: (2) The result of first trial has indicated thatJulans mandshurica growth trend expresses two-way gradual change trend with different longitude and latitude. but the second trial has no obvious gradual change trend. Height ofJuglans mandshurica is negatively correlated with elevation. (3) The provenance of Shulan. Mao’ershan and Baishishan were selected as superior provenance of afforestational seeds for Mao’ershan and its brink region.

Several phytoecdysteroids have been found in the extracts ofA. multiflora andAlinerifolia using HPLC analysis. Those were 20-OH ecdysone, cyasterone. 3-acetate-20-OH ecdysone. 2-acetate-20-OH edysone, ajugalactone. We found out that those phytoecdy steroids could lead the second instar larva ofClostera anastomosis andStilpnotia candida to death. The modified mortality rate was from 44.64% to 96.24%. Those extracts could significantly reduce the amount of nymph produced by the femaleTuberolachnus salignus. The number of the nymph produced after treating with those extracts was only 20% to 70% of that produced by the untreated group. The death rate of the newly produced nymph which treated was among 33.33% to 58.82%. It was much higher than the death rate of the control group (17.57%).

This paper dealt with the SDS polyacrymide gel electrophoresis of proteins and analysis of the amino acids in the diseased and healthy leaves with the same strain respectively, which were at the same side and height, ofPaulownia catalpifolia, P. elongata, P. albiphloea andP. kauakamii respectively. The results indicated that the leaves of 4 species ofPaulownia trees with witches’ broom had one protein band, of which molecular weight was 12 kD, which did not appear in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas. Moreover, the protein quantity in the affected leaves was more than that in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas; At the same time, there was significant difference on the amino acids between the healthy and diseased leaves ofP. catalpifolia andP. kawakamii. The amount of cystine in the affected leaves was higher than that in the healthy leaves, but the change of amount of phenylalanine in the affected and healthy leaves was contrary. These changes of proteins and amino acids in the leaves might be related to the witches’ broom of theParlounia trees.

The study on restoration and rebuilding of forestry ecological system was conducted on Xianfeng Porestry Farm (N45° 03′, E 129°45′), in Yilan county. Heilongjiang province. One thousand hectare sample land was established. The research summarized the comprehensive technique measures: to managed virgin forests perfectly: to promote forest reforestation by artificial treatment; to restore the secondary forest with patch pattern; and to restore and foster felling land on artificial forest by means of natural pattern or close hillside to facilitate afforestation. The results showed that forest ecosystem function and quality were restored and rebuilt during ten years by utilization of these technique measures.

The main disease species on poplar are introduced in this paper. The main content of the integrated control technique on poplar diseases is summarized: (1) Forecast technique based on the initial disease and provention factors. (2) Control index is established, based on the relationship among the disease index, height of tree, diameter grade and the loss rate of volume. (3) Five fine varieties are selected according to three integrated indexes of host, such as resistance, volume growth and form ratio: They are 613 (Poulus alba × P. berolinensis). A15 (P. xiaohei × P. euramericana CV. Polska-15A), A98 (P. xiaohei × (P. simonii × P. nigra CV. A98). A102 (P. xiaohei) × (P. simonee × P. nigra) CV. A102), L2 (P. simonii × P. nigra var.italica) in northeast Chnia. (4) Sivicultural control is known as the main protection measures, combined with chemical control and biocontrol. based on the disease forecast and control index by tracing the whole process of forest production.

Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21.1±4.0, 14.7±1.0, 11.1±1.1 and 6.5±0.8 in spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from −99.9% to 97.5% depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets. Minimum digestible energy intake of 153.5 kcal/kg^0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18–85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea concentration. Rumen NH₃-N production changes with season, but seasonal changes in other NH₃-N kinetic parameters (NH₃-N concentration, NH₃-N pool size and NH₃-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold stress. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0.16 g N/kg^0.75·day (elk). and metabolic fecal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion, the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limited. Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.

Mammals generally form social groups to gain better protection from or to capture prey more efficiently. Open habitats are especially conducive to group formation because in those habitats social defenses are most effective at deterring predators. Closed habitats are more conducive to solitary living because then concealment is ofen the best defense against predation. Group size is typically limited by competition for resources, and hense it is usually larger when food is clumped or relatively abundant. Social organization often revolves around status relationship, which are frequently based on agonistic interactions.

There are two subspecies of Great Bustards in China:Otis tarda tarda, a rare resident of in Kashi region. Tianshan Mountains and Turpan region in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwestern China. The other isO. t. dybowskii found in northeastern China. In 840 km² survey area 150 Great Bustards were found. The average density was 0.81 birds/km². Reasons for the decline of Great Bustard were analyzed. Conservation measures for the Great Bustards are recommended

According to the high thickness swelling and low dimensional stability of Poplars particleboard, this paper studied the effect of heat post-treatment on the board properties. The results indicated that the post-treatment could be a very effective way to produce dimensinaly stable fast-growing poplars particleboard. The thickness swelling of the board decreased with increasing the time and temperatures of post-heat treatment. So under 190°C, being treated for 15 min, the total thickness swelling (TS₁) of the board was 8.96%, reduced by 22.88%. The irreversible thickness swelling (TS₂) was also reduced with the post-treatment of 190 °C or 220 °C; The reversible thickness swelling (TS₃) was not significantly changed when the time of treatment increased up to 25 min, under 190 °C.