The 135-year look back at the introduction of Eucalyptus to China: socioeconomic benefits, environmental challenges, and adaptive silviculture

Abstract

As one of the world’s most widely cultivated plantation trees, Eucalyptus species have been introduced to China over the past 135 years due to their rapid growth, high yields and broad adaptability. While praised for their timber productivity and carbon sequestration potential, the widespread establishment of monoculture plantations has raised substantial ecological concerns. Based on a systematic review of 169 English-language studies, this paper synthesizes the socioeconomic contributions and ecological impacts of Eucalyptus plantations in China. However, compared to control communities (e.g., natural or mixed stands), Eucalyptus plantations show negative impacts on biodiversity in 48% of the surveyed cases (176 out of 365 effects), and 41% of the measured soil and water metrics (503 out of 1048 effects). These negative impacts are particularly pronounced under intensive management: the incidence of negative impacts on biodiversity rises to 54% (156 out of 290 effects), and on soil and water to 47% (394 out of 838 effects) under successive rotations or short-rotation cycles. Additionally, Eucalyptus plantations face mounting threats from pests and pathogens, with over 19 major biotic agents reported. Recent advances in adaptive silviculture in China, including mixed-species planting, extended rotations and eco-silviculture regimes, offer potentially effective pathways to mitigate these negative impacts. The review underscores that ecological outcomes are driven more by silvicultural practices than by species traits alone, highlighting the need for adaptive silviculture to balance timber productivity and environmental sustainability in Eucalyptus forestry.

Keywords

China / Ecological effects / Eucalyptus species / Eco-silviculture / Plantations

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