Spatiotemporal variations and hydrothermal controls in the sensitivity of vegetation productivity and ecosystem respiration to precipitation across terrestrial biomes

Abstract

The sensitivity of vegetation productivity and ecosystem respiration to precipitation, namely S_GPP and S_ER, is an intrinsic characteristic of vegetation and a key metric for understanding the variations in ecosystem carbon cycle under changing climate. Previous studies typically treat S_GPP or S_ER independently, overlooking their potential interrelationship. Besides, beyond the direct effects of precipitation, temperature likely plays a significant role in shaping both S_GPP and S_ER. In this study, we leveraged the FLUXNET2015 dataset to analyze the global spatiotemporal patterns of S_GPP and S_ER, and applied a mixture regression model to investigate their hydrothermal regulations. The results showed that S_GPP and S_ER varied greatly across biomes, with the higher values in arid ecosystems, while forest ecosystems exhibited relatively low values. Temporal analysis indicated that S_GPP and S_ER significantly increased over time in shrubland, while S_ER in evergreen needleleaf forest and S_ER in grassland significantly increased and decreased, respectively. The relationship between S_GPP and S_ER decoupled with increasing leaf area index, with a breakpoint occurring at 1.61 m² m⁻². Across ecosystem types, the decoupling of S_GPP and S_ER was primarily observed in closed-canopy forests, with hydrothermal conditions identified as the key drivers of this phenomenon. Specifically, in forests, S_GPP was predominantly regulated by the joint influence of temperature and precipitation, whereas S_ER was mainly controlled by precipitation alone. Across all ecosystems, S_ER shifted from being co-regulated by precipitation and temperature to predominantly precipitation-driven as mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeded 1000 mm, while S_GPP transitioned to primarily temperature-dependent above 1500 mm MAP. This study underscores how hydrothermal conditions shape the complex S_GPP-S_ER interplay, providing critical insights for future forest ecosystem research.

Keywords

Precipitation sensitivity / Vegetation productivity / Ecosystem respiration / Spatial pattern / Temporal trend / Hydrothermal control

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