Habitat heterogeneity promotes species coexistence in a subtropical montane deciduous broadleaved forest in central China

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms of species diversity maintenance is crucial for appreciating community assembly and predicting responses to global climate change. Niche differentiation is one of the most important mechanisms underlying biodiversity maintenance across ecosystems. However, direct evidence for niche differentiation remains scarce in subtropical speciose forests. In this study, a 25-ha (500 m × 500 m) subtropical montane deciduous broadleaved forest dynamics plot in Shennongjia national park was developed to assess species-habitat associations across life history stages. Five habitat types were identified using multivariate regression trees and mapped to 625 20 m × 20 m quadrats. Torus-translation randomization tests identified species-habitat associations across life forms and life stages. Out of 105 species, 81 were significantly associated with at least one habitat type and 65 associated with elevation or convexity (49 species with elevation and 36 with convexity). Across all life stages, saplings were most strongly related to low elevation habitats, while juveniles and mature trees most often correlated with the “low convex slope” habitat type. Canopy and shrub species were positively correlated with the “high convex slope” and “low convex slope” habitat types, respectively. In conclusion, niche differentiation during regeneration (based on topographic heterogeneity) is essential for stable multi-species coexistence and the maintenance of biodiversity in subtropical speciose forests. Future studies are needed to examine how demographic rates shift along environmental gradients of convexity and elevation, providing a more in-depth understanding of niche differentiation in forest ecosystems.

Keywords

Climatic transition zone / Ecological strategies / Habitat associations / Life stages / Niche differentiation / Topography

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