Variation and influencing factors of ecosystem carbon storage during succession in temperate secondary forest Northeast China

Abstract

Temperate secondary forests play an important role in climate change mitigation and the global carbon cycle, but their variations and drivers of ecosystem carbon storage (ECS) during succession remain unclear. In this study, ECS (trees, shrubs, herbs, litter, coarse woody debris—dead or fallen trees and soil) and environmental factors (temperature, humidity and soil nutrients) were measured in four forest types: Abies nephrolepis and Pinus koraiensis, Fraxinus mandshurica and P. koraiensis, Tilia amurensis and P. koraiensis, and Quercus mongolica and P. koraiensis, in three successional stages (early shrub-grass lands, middle secondary forests and old-growth forests) in temperate Changbai Mountains, to reveal the dynamics of ECS and its allocation patterns during succession, and its formation mechanisms. The results show that: (1) ECS ranged from 49.0–66.1 to 153.8–197.0 and 308.2–446.4 Mg ha⁻¹ in early, middle and late successional stages, respectively; (2) ECS of the four secondary forests recovered to 48.9% of old-growth forest levels after 40 years of succession; their ecosystem carbon sequestration potential ranged from 154.4 to 249.3 Mg ha⁻¹, mainly contributed by vegetation (89.7–94.0%), whereas, soil contribution was smaller (6.0–10.3%).These secondary forests may take at least 100 year to recover to the level of old-growth forest ECS at the current recovery rate; (3) The proportion of vegetation increased with succession in ECS from 3.3–4.6% at the early succession to 74.2–82.8% at the late succession. Moreover, vegetation carbon storage mainly depended on a few pioneer tree species (49.1–66.4%) (middle succession stage) and the climax tree species P.koraiensis and 1–2 associated species (87.5–89.7%) (late succession stage). The contribution of dominant tree species to vegetation carbon storage was significantly greater than that of the tree species diversity; (4) The ECS and vegetation carbon storage were promoted by stand conditions (average DBH and stand density), while soil carbon storage was jointly driven by soil organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen and stand conditions. Our research indicates that temperate secondary forests have considerable carbon sequestration potential (mainly dependent on vegetation) during succession and strengthening the cultivation of the climax species P.koraiensis and associated tree species will help to realize this carbon sequestration potential and better cope with climate change.

Keywords

Forest succession / Ecosystem carbon storage / Carbon sequestration potential / Influence factors

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