A review: sustainable forestry through biological control—the application of entomopathogenic nematodes

Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) represent a promising biological control strategy for managing insect pest populations, offering an environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. This review examines the application of EPNs in forestry, highlighting their biological and ecological characteristics, mechanisms of action, and efficacy against key forest pests. By exploring various methods of EPN application, including soil injection, foliar spray, and trunk injection, practical challenges and potential solutions for effective implementation are assessed. Case studies demonstrate successful use of EPNs in controlling pests such as bark beetles, wood borers, and root weevils, underscoring their potential for integration into integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Despite current limitations, including environmental sensitivity and application constraints, ongoing research and technological advancements continue to enhance the efficacy and reliability of EPNs. This review underscores the importance of EPNs in sustainable forestry practices and calls for further research to optimize their use and to address existing challenges, ultimately contributing to healthier forest ecosystems and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.

Keywords

Biological control / Pest management / Forestry / Nematodes / Sustainability

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