Classification of dendrocola nematode-trapping fungi

Abstract

Pine wilt disease, caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucnatus, is a serious quarantined disease. Arboreal nematode-trapping fungi of Pinus spp. are effective predators on nematodes and have strong host adaptability. The development of these fungal resources may be an effective way to control pine wood nematodes. We collected 515 samples of pine wilt disease from the areas of Ninghai City (Zhejiang province), Shuangbai County (Yunnan province), and Daxing’anling (Heilongjiang province), China. Through isolation, culture and identification, 6 species of nematode-trapping fungi (Arthrobotrys cladodesr, A. oligospora, A. musiformis, A. dendroides, Dactylellina ellipsospora, Monacrosporium thaumasium) were identified for predation against B. xylophilus, and 9 species (Arthrobotrys dactyloides, A. cladodesr A. oligospora A. dendroides, Dactylellina ellipsospora, Dactylella asthenopaga, D. leptospora, Arthrobotrys superba, Monacrosporium drechseri) were identified for predation against B. mucnatus. This study provides information in the classification of arboreal predator nematodes and provides an important basis for future biological control of pine wood nematodes.

Keywords

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus / Bursaphechus mucnatus / Morphological classification / Nematode-trapping fungi

References

[1] Back MA, Haydock PPJ, Jenkinson P. Disease complexes involving plant parasitic nematodes and soilborne pathogens. Plant Patho, 2002, 51: 683-697.

[2] Baermann G. Eine eifache methode zur auffindung von anklyostomum (Nematoden) larven in Erdproben. Geneesk Tijdschr Ned Indie, 1917, 57: 131-137. (In German)

[3] Cheng HR. The occurrence and research progress of pine wood nematode wilt disease. Plant Quar, 1988, 2(1): 11-17. (in Chinese)

[4] Cooke RC, Dickinson CH. Nematode-trapping species of Dactylella and Monacrosporium. Trans Brit Mycol Soc, 1965, 48: 621-629.

[5] Corda AGJ (1839) Pracht-Flora europäischer Schimmelbildungen, vol 43. Leipzig, pp 692–693 (in German)

[6] de Hoog D, Oorschot V. Taxonomy of the Dactylaria complex VI. key to the genera and check-list of epithests. Stud Mycol, 1985, 26: 97-122.

[7] Drechsler C. Some hyphomycetes that prey on free-living terricolous nematodes. Mycologia, 1937, 29: 447-552.

[8] Fresenius G. Beitrage zur mykologie. Heft, 1850, 1–2: 80p.

[9] Fukushige H. Propagation of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on fungi growing in pine-shoot segments. Appl Entomol Zool, 1991, 26: 371-376.

[10] Gao RH, Shi J, Huang RF, Wang Z, Luo YQ. Effects of pine wilt disease invasion on soil properties and Masson pine forest communities in the three Gorges reservoir region. China Ecol Evol, 2015, 5: 1702-1716.

[11] Gray NF. Ecology of nematophagous fungi: comparison of the soil sprinkling method with the Baerman funnel technique in the isolation of endoparasites. Soi Biol Biochem, 1984, 16: 81-83.

[12] Grove WB. New or noteworthy fungi. J Bot Lond, 1884, 22: 195-201.

[13] Jiang SD. Information and evaluation of garden plant protection in 2019. Chinese Flower Newspaper, 2019, A01: 1-3. (in Chinese)

[14] Kiyohara T, Tokushige Y. Inoculation experiments of a nematode, Bursaphelenchus sp. onto pine trees. J Jap For Soc, 1971, 53: 210-218.

[15] Kuthubutheen AJ, Muid S, Webster J. Arthrobotrys dendroides, a new nematode-trapping synnematous arthrobotrys from Malaysia. Br Mycol Soc Trans, 1985, 84(3): 563-566.

[16] Lun YY, Wang HM, Lu Q, Liu HX, Yao HX, Jiang WZ, Zhang XY. Dominantly ophiostomatoid fungus inhabiting tunnels and pupal chambers of Monochamus alternatus in pines infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. J Beijing Univ, 2019, 6: 102-110. (in Chinese)

[17] Manueli PR. Biological control of nematode parasites of livestock in Fiji: screening of fresh dung of small ruminants for the presence of nematophagous fungi. Vet Parasitol, 1999, 81(1): 39-45.

[18] Mekhtieva NA. On systematics of some nematophagous fungi. Mikol Fitopatol, 1967, 1: 276-279.

[19] Mekhtieva NA. A new genus and a new species of a predacious fungus found in Azerbaijan (Kafiaddinia Mecht. gen.nov., K. fusariospora Mecht. sp.nov.). Mikol Fitopatol, 1978, 12: 8-10.

[20] Nordbring-Hertz B, Jansson HB, Tunlid A. Nematophagous fungi eLS, 2011, Chichester, UK: Wiley 1 13

[21] Rifai MA. The hyphomycetes genus Dactylaria Sacc. Reinwardtia, 1968, 7: 357-374.

[22] Rubner A. Revision of Predacious Hyphomycetes in the Dactylella-Monacrosporium Complex. Stud Mycol, 1966, 39: 1-134.

[23] Schenck S, Kendrick W, David P. A new nematode-trapping hyphomycete and a reevaluation of Dactylaria and Arthrobotrys. Can J Bot, 1977, 55(8): 977-985.

[24] Shome SK, Shome U. A new nematode trapping species of Dactylaria. Mycopath Mycol Appl, 1966, 30: 216-220.

[25] Soprunov FF. Galiulina ZA, Carnivorous hyphomycetes in soil in turkmenistan. Mikorobiologia, 1951, 20(6): 489-499.

[26] Soprunov FF. Predacious hyphomycetes and their application in the control of pathogenic nematodes, 1958, Ashkhabad: Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR 1 365 (English Translation. 1966.) Israel Program for Scientific Translation

[27] Tarjan AC. Growth characteristics of Dactylella drechsleri n. sp. an adhesive-knobbed, nematode-trapping hyphomycete from Florida. Mycopathol et Mycologia Applicata, 1961, 14(2): 136-144.

[28] Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun G, Yen-Ping H. Predator-prey interactions of nematode-trapping fungi and nematodes: both sides of the coin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2018, 102: 3939-3949.

[29] Zhang FJ, Kajiwara J, Mori Y, Ohira M, Tsutsumi Y, Kondo R. Metabolites from resistant and susceptible Pinus thunbergii after inoculation with pine wood nematode. Am J Plant Sci, 2013, 4: 512-518.

[30] Zhang KQ, Liu XZ, Cao L. A review of Dactylella and a new species. Mycosystema, 1994, 7: 111-118.

[31] Zhu K. Studies on pine disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review. World For Res, 1995, 3: 28-33. (in Chinese)