Clonal variations in cone, seed and nut traits in a Pinus koraiensis seed orchard in Northeast China

Abstract

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) in Northeastern China has been genetically improved to increase seed yields in addition to timber. To assess seed yield variability and select highly productive clones, 14 cone, seed and nut traits were measured and analyzed. Variance analysis showed that all clones were significantly different in various traits (P < 0.01). Phenotypic coefficients of variation and repeatability of traits ranged from 9.1 to 34.4% and from 27.5 to 97.7%, respectively. Except for the cone layer and cone seed numbers, the other traits were positively or negatively correlated. Three principal components were identified. Seed and nut traits were the most important traits in the first principal component, and cone traits more important in the second. Using correlation and principal component analyses, cone number and other traits were selected to evaluate materials. Twenty-two clones were selected using a selection rate of 10% based on cone number independently or other combined traits. The genetic gain for different traits ranged from 6.2 to 24.3%. The selected elite clones can supply seedlings for reforestation and the selection method can provide a theoretical basis for selection in other conifer species.

Keywords

Pinus koraiensis / Clones / Cone / Seed / Nut traits / Principal component analysis

References

[1] Aït-Sahalia Y, Xiu DC. Principal component analysis of high-frequency data. J Am Stat Assoc, 2019, 114: 287-303.

[2] Bai FY, Kang N, Zhang PD, Kang XY. Selection of female parents with high fertility and high combining abilities for cross-breeding Populus tomentosa. J For Res, 2019, 30(2): 445-450.

[3] Brancher M, Piringer M, Franco D, Belli Filho P, Lisboa H, Schauberger G. Assessing the inter-annual variability of separation distances around odor sources to protect the residents from odor annoyance. J Environ Sci, 2019, 79: 11-24.

[4] Davis L. Investments in loblolly pine clonal seed orchards: production costs and economic potential. J For, 1967, 65: 882-887.

[5] Destaillats F, Cruz-Hernandez C, Giuffrida F, Dionisi F. Identification of the botanical origin of pine nuts found in food products by gas-liquid chromatography analysis of fatty acid profile. J Agric Food Chem, 2010, 58: 2082-2087.

[6] Dyjakon A. The influence of apple orchard management on energy performance and pruned biomass harvesting for energetic applications. Energies, 2019, 12: 632.

[7] Feng FJ, Sui X, Chen MM, Zhao D, Han HJ, Li MH. Mode of pollen spread in clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis. J Biophys Chem, 2010, 1: 33.

[8] Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics, 2013, Oliver’s Yard: Sage Publication Ltd 1.

[9] Gonçalves E, Graça A, Martins A. Grapevine clonal selection in Portugal: a different approach. BIO Web Conf, 2019

[10] Guerra F, Richards J, Fiehn O, Famula R, Stanton B, Shuren R, Sykes R, Davis M, Neale D. Analysis of the genetic variation in growth, ecophysiology, and chemical and metabolic composition of wood of Populus trichocarpa provenances. Tree Genet Genomes, 2016, 12(1): 6-24.

[11] Hammer Y, Harper D. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electron, 2001, 4(1): 1-9.

[12] Hietz P, Rosner S, Hietz S, Wright S. Wood traits related to size and life history of trees in a Panamanian rainforest. New Phytol, 2017, 213: 170-180.

[13] Ivković M, Wu H, Kumar S. Bio-economic modelling as a method for determining economic weights for optimal multiple-trait tree selection. Silvae Genet, 2010, 59: 77-90.

[14] Jiang GY, Jiang LP, Song SL, Wang JY, Wang Q, Wang LF, Zhang P, Zhao XY. Genetic variance analysis and excellent fruit-timber families selection of half-sib Pinus koraiensis. Bull Bot Res, 2018, 38(5): 775-784. in Chinese with English abstract

[15] Jiang LP, Wang JY, Zhang P, Liang DY, Zhang QH, Wang BY, Pei XN, Zhao XY. Variation and selection of growth and fruit traits among 170 Pinus koraiensis Clones. For Res, 2019, 32(1): 58-64.

[16] Li CZ, Löfgren KG. A theory of red pine (Pinus koraiensis) management for both timber and commercial seeds. For Sci, 2000, 46: 284-290.

[17] Li Y, Suontama M, Burdon RD, Dungey HS. Genotype by environment interactions in forest tree breeding: review of methodology and perspectives on research and application. Tree Genet Genomes, 2017, 13: 60.

[18] Liang DY, Wang BY, Song SL, Wang JY, Wang LF, Wang Q, Ren XB, Zhao XY. Analysis of genetic effects on a complete diallel cross test of Pinus koraiensis. Euphytica, 2019

[19] Man BX, Zhang L, Sun JZ, Yuan HS, Sun JJ, Wang XY, Sun YB, Qiu L, Wang YL. Wang, YZ (2012) On plant growth regulator accelerate seed setting earlier of Pinus koraiensis. J Beihua Univ (Nat Sci), 2012, 13(3): 329-334.

[20] Matziris D. Genetic variation in cone and seed characteristics in a clonal seed orchard of Aleppo pine grown in Greece. Silvae Genet, 1998, 47: 37-41.

[21] Miyaki M. Seed dispersal of the Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, by the red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris. Ecol Res, 1987, 2: 147-157.

[22] Mutke S, Gordo J, Gil L. Cone yield characterization of a stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) clone bank. Silvae Genet, 2005, 54: 189-197.

[23] Nardo M, Saisana M, Saltelli A, Tarantola S. Tools for composite indicators building. Eur Comission, Ispra, 2005, 15: 19-20.

[24] Pan YY, Pei XN, Wang FW, Wang CL, Shao LL, Dong LH, Zhao XY, Qu GZ. Forward, backward selection and variation analysis of growth traits in half-sib Larix kaempferi families. Silvae Genet, 2019, 68: 1-8.

[25] Pollak E, Van der Werf J, Quaas R. Selection bias and multiple trait evaluation. J Dairy Sci, 1984, 67: 1590-1595.

[26] Rawat K, Bakshi M. Provenance variation in cone, seed and seedling characteristics in natural populations of Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks (blue pine) in India. Ann For Res, 2011, 54: 39-55.

[27] Ren X, He H, Zhang L, Li F, Liu M, Yu G, Zhang J. Modeling and uncertainty analysis of carbon and water fluxes in a broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest based on model-data fusion. Ecol Model, 2018, 379: 39-53.

[28] Rosengarten J (2004) The book of edible nuts. Courier Corporation, Dover Publications Inc., p 375

[29] Roy SM, Thapliyal R, Phartyal S. Seed source variation in cone, seed and seedling characteristic across the natural distribution of Himalayan low level pine Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Silvae Genet, 2004, 53: 116-123.

[30] Salvatore R, Moya D, Pulido L, Lovreglio R, LópezSerrano F, De Las HJ, Leone V. Morphological and anatomical differences in Aleppo pine seeds from serotinous and non-serotinous cones. New For, 2010, 39: 329-341.

[31] Sevik H, Topacoglu O. Variation and inheritance pattern in cone and seed characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for evaluation of genetic diversity. J Environ Biol, 2015, 36: 1125-1130.

[32] Singh N. Propagation, selection and establishment of clonal seed orchard of chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall.). Indian For, 1992, 118: 901-908.

[33] Sivacioglu A. Genetic variation in seed cone characteristics in a clonal seed orchard of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grown in Kastamonu-Turkey. Rom Biotechnol Lett, 2010, 15: 5695-5701.

[34] Sivacioglu A, Ayan S. Evaluation of seed production of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clonal seed orchard with cone analysis method. Afr J Biotechnol, 2008, 7(24): 4393-4399.

[35] Turna I. Variation of morphological characters of oriental spruce (Picea orientalis) in Turkey. Biologia-Bratislava, 2004, 59: 519-526.

[36] Wang H, Hong J (2004) Genetic resources, tree improvement and gene conservation of five-needle pines in East Asia. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P 32: 73–78

[37] Wang F, Zhang QH, Tian YG, Yang SC, Wang HW, Wang LK, Li YL, Zhang P, Zhao XY. Comprehensive assessment of growth traits and wood properties in half-sib Pinus koraiensis families. Euphytica, 2018

[38] Xia H, Zhao GH, Zhang LS, Sun XY, Yin SP, Liang DY, Li Y, Zheng M, Zhao XY. Genetic and variation analyses of growth traits of half-sib Larix olgensis families in northeastern China. Euphytica, 2016, 212: 387-397.

[39] Xiao Y, Ma WJ, Lu N, Wang Z, Wang N, Zhai WJ, Kong LS, Qu GZ, Wang QX, Wang JH. Genetic variation of growth traits and genotype-by-environment interactions in clones of Catalpa bungei and Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii. Forests, 2019, 10: 57.

[40] Xu ZW, Yu GR, He NP, Wang QF, Wang SZ, Xu XF, Wang RL, Zhao N. Biogeographical patterns of soil microbial community as influenced by soil characteristics and climate across Chinese forest biomes. Appl Soil Ecol, 2018, 124: 298-305.

[41] Yin SP, Xiao ZH, Zhao GH, Zhao X, Sun XY, Zhang Y, Wang FW, Li SC, Zhao XY, Qu GZ. Variation analyses of growth and wood properties of Larix olgensis clones in China. J For Res, 2017, 28(4): 687-697.

[42] Yuan HW, Niu SH, Zhou XQ, Du QP, Li Y, Li W. Evaluation of seed production in a first-generation seed orchard of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis). J For Res, 2016, 27: 1003-1008.

[43] Zhang Z, Zhang HG, Zhou Y, Liu L, Yu HY, Wang X, Feng WJ. Variation of seed characters in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) multi-clonal populations. J Beijing For Univ, 2015, 37: 67-78.

[44] Zhao XY, Xia H, Wang XW, Wang C, Liang DY, Li KL, Liu GF. Variance and stability analyses of growth characters in half-sib Betula platyphylla families at three different sites in China. Euphytica, 2016, 208: 173-186.

[45] Zheng HQ, Hu DH, Wang RH, Wei RP, Yan S. Assessing 62 Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) breeding parents in a 12-year grafted clone test. Forests, 2015, 6: 3799-3808.

[46] Zhu BA, Wang XP, Fang JY, Piao SL, Shen HH, Zhao SQ, Peng CH. Altitudinal changes in carbon storage of temperate forests on Mt Changbai, Northeast China. J Plant Res, 2010, 123: 439-452.