In vitro propagation of conifers using mature shoots

Abstract

Micropropagation mostly leads to the production of innumerable true-to-type plants. However, establishing pathogen-free explants through in vitro culture requires a precise management of time for the exposure of explants to antimicrobial chemicals. The application of antimicrobial chemicals must also be managed to impose the least injury on explants. This review discusses the contributions of micropropagation procedures, explant types, subculture duration, media ingredients and plant growth regulators to the in vitro response of conifer explants. Even though regeneration from mature conifer explants such as mature shoots are laborious, the chances of variation, induced in vitro, are unlikely.

Keywords

Conifers / Decontamination / Micropropagation / Tissue culture

References

[1] Aitken-Christie J, Singh A, Davies H (1988) Multiplication of meristematic tissue: a new tissue culture system for radiata pine. In: Hanover JW, Keathley DE (eds) Genetic manipulation of woody plants, vol 44. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp 413–432

[2] Alonso P, Cortizo M, Cantón FR, Fernández B, Rodríguez A, Centeno ML, Cánovas FM, Ordás RJ. Identification of genes differentially expressed during adventitious shoot induction in Pinus pinea cotyledons by subtractive hybridization and quantitative PCR. Tree Physiol, 2007, 27: 1721-1730.

[3] Arya S, Kalia RK, Arya ID. Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Plant Cell Rep, 2000, 19: 775-780.

[4] Bastol B, Jasik J, Mantell S. In vitro propagation of a Himalayan pine P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks. Curr Sci, 2000, 78: 338-341.

[5] Becwar M, Nagmani R, Wann S. Initiation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryo development in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Can J For Res, 1990, 20: 810-817.

[6] Bigot C, Engelmann F. Bonga JM, Durzan DJ. Vegetative propagation in vitro of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Cell and tissue culture in forestry, case histories, gymnosperms, angiosperms and palms, 1987, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 114 127

[7] Bonga JM, Klimaszewska KK, von Aderkas P. Recalcitrance in clonal propagation, in particular of conifers. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2010, 100: 241-254.

[8] Boulay M. Multiplication et clonage rapide du Sequoia sempervirens par la culture in vitro, 1979, AFOCEL: Annales de Recherche Sylvicole 49 55

[9] Bourgin JP, Nitsch JP. Obtention de Nicotiana haploides à partir d’étamines cultivées in vitro. Ann Physiol Vég, 1967, 9: 337-338.

[10] Buckley PM, DeWild TN, Reed BM. Characterization and identification of bacteria isolated from micropropagated mint plant. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 1995, 31: 58-64.

[11] Burrows GE, Doley DD, Haines RJ, Nikles DG. In vitro propagation of Araucaria cunninghamii and other species of the Araucariaceae via axillary meristems. Aust J Bot, 1988, 36: 665-676.

[12] Cassells AC. Debergh PC, Zimmerm RH. Problems in tissue culture: culture contamination. Micropropagation technology and application, 1991, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers 31 44

[13] Chanway C. Bacterial endophytes: ecological and practical implication. Sydowia, 1998, 50: 149-170.

[14] Cortizo M, Cuestam C, Centeno ML, Rodriguez A, Fernandez B, Ordas R. Benzyladenine metabolism and temporal compedence of Pinus pinea cotyledons to form buds in vitro. J Plant Physiol, 2009, 166: 1069-1076.

[15] Cortizo M, De Diego N, Ordás R, Moncaleán P. Micropropagation of adult Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.). Trees, 2009, 23: 835-842.

[16] De Diego N, Montalbán IA, Fernández E, Moncaleán P. In vitro regeneration of Pinus pinaster adult trees. Can J For Res, 2008, 38: 2607-2615.

[17] De Diego N, Montalbán IA, Moncaleán P. In vitro regeneration of adult Pinus sylvestris L. trees. S Afr J Bot, 2010, 76: 158-162.

[18] Debergh PC, Vanderschaeghe AM. Some symptoms indicating the presence of bacterial contaminants in plant tissue culture. Acta Hortic, 1988, 255: 77-81.

[19] Dodds JH, Roberts WL. Some inhibitory effectors on gentamicin on plant tissue culture. In Vitro, 1981, 17: 467-470.

[20] Dos Santos ALW, Silveria V, Steinr N, Vidor M, Guerra MP. Somatic embryogenesis in Parana Pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze). Braz Arch Biol Technol, 2002, 45: 97-106.

[21] Drake PMW, John A, Power JB, Davey MR. Expression of the gus A gene in embryogenic cell lines of Sitka spruce following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. J Exp Bot, 1997, 48: 151-155.

[22] Driver JA, Kuniyuki AH. In vitro propagation of paradox walnut root stocks. Hortic Sci, 1984, 19: 507-509.

[23] Ellis DD, Lazaroff WR, Roberts DR, Flinn BS, Webb DT. The effect of antibiotics on elongation and callus and bud formation from embryogenic tissue of Picea glauca. Can J For Res, 1989, 19: 1343-1346.

[24] Ewald D, Suss R. A system for repetable formation of elongating adventitious buds in Norway spruce tissue cultures. Silvae Genetica, 1993, 42: 169-175.

[25] Ewald D, Kretzschmar U, Chen Y. Continuous micropropagation of juvenile larch from different species via adventitious bud formation. Biol Plant, 1997, 39: 321-329.

[26] Ewald D, Zaspel I, Naujoks G, Behrendt U. Endogenous bacteria in tissue cultures of conifers—appearance and action. Acta Hortic, 2000, 530: 137-144.

[27] Falkiner FR. The criteria for choosing an antibiotic for control of bacteria in plant tissue culture in TCL. Assoc Plant Tiss Cult Newsl, 1990, 60: 13-23.

[28] Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K. Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res, 1968, 50: 151-158.

[29] Gresshoff PM, Doy CH. Development and differentiation of haploid Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Planta, 1972, 107: 161-170.

[30] Gupta PK, Durzan DJ. Shoot multiplication from mature trees of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). Plant Cell Rep, 1985, 4: 177-179.

[31] Haines RJ, de Fossard RA. Propagation of Hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) by organ culture. Acta Hortic, 1977, 78: 297-302.

[32] Harry IS, Thompson MR, Lu CY, Thorpe TA. In vitro plantlet formation from embryonic explants of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). Tree Physiol, 1987, 3: 273-283.

[33] Hohtola A. Seasonal changes in explant viability and contamination of Scots pine tissue cultures from mature Scots pine. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1988, 15: 211-222.

[34] Holford P, Newbury HJ. The effects of antibiotics and their breakdown products on the in vitro growth of Antirrhinum majus. Plant Cell Rep, 1992, 11: 93-96.

[35] Holland L, Gemmell JE, Chanty JA, Walter C. Foreign gene transfer into Pinus radiata cotyledons by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. NZ J Forest Sci, 1997, 27: 289-304.

[36] Hood EE, Clapham DH, Ekberg I, Johanson T. T-DNA presence and opine production in tumors of Picea abies (L.) Karst induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens A281. Plant Mol Biol, 1990, 14: 111-117.

[37] Humara JM, Ordas RJ. The toxicity of antibiotics and herbicides on in vitro adventitious shoot formation on Pius pinea L. cotyledone. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 1999, 35: 339-343.

[38] Keathley DE (1984) In: Proceedings of the international symposium of recent advances in forest biotechnology, Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Traverse City, Michigan, pp 58–63, 10–13 June 1984

[39] Kolevska-Pletikapic B, Buturovic-Deric Z. Regeneration of Picea omarika plants via organogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1995, 41: 189-192.

[40] Laukkanen H, Soini H, Kontunen-Soppela S, Hohtola A, Viljanen M. A mycobacterium isolated from tissue cultures of mature Pinus sylvestris interferes with growth of Scots pine seedlings. Tree Physiol, 2000, 20: 915-920.

[41] Le-Feuvre R, Triviño C, Sabja AM, Bernier-Cardou M, Moynihan MR, Klimaszewska K. Organic nitrogen composition of the tissue culture medium influences Agrobacterium tumefaciens growth and the recovery of transformed Pinus radiata embryonal masses after cocultivation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 2013, 49: 30-40.

[42] Leifert C, Waites WM, Nicholas LR. Bacterial contamination of micropropagated plant tissue cultures. J Appl Bacteriol, 1989, 67: 353-361.

[43] Leifert C, Camotla H, Wright SM, Waites B, Cheyne VA, Waites WM. Elimination of Lactobacillus plantarum, Corynebacterium spp. Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Pseudomonas paucimobilis from micropropagated Hemerocallis, Choisya and Delphinium cultures using antibiotics. J Appl Bacteriol, 1991, 71: 307-330.

[44] Leifert C, Camotla H, Wailes WM. Effect of combinations of antibiotics on micropropagated Clematis, Delphinium, Hosta, Iris and Photinia. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1992, 29: 153-160.

[45] Levee V, Lelu MA, Jouanin L, Cornu D, Pilati G. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of hybrid larch (Larix kaempferi × L. decidua) and transgenic plant regeneration. Plant Cell Rep, 1997, 16: 680-685.

[46] López M, Humara JM, Rodríguez R, Ordás RJ. Factors involved in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer into Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. Salzmannii (Dunal) Franco. Euphytica, 2000, 114: 195-203.

[47] López-Escamilla AL, Olguín-Santos LP, Márquez J, Chávez VM, Bye R. Adventitious bud formation from mature embryos of Picea chihuahuana Martínez, an endangered Mexican spruce tree. Ann Bot, 2000, 86: 921-927.

[48] Loureiro J, Capelo A, Brito G, Rodriguez E, Silva S, Pinto G, Santos C. Micropropagation of Juniperus phoenicea from adult plant explants and analysis of ploidy stability using flow cytometry. Biol Plant, 2007, 51: 7-14.

[49] Malá J, Pavingerová D, Cvrčková H, Bříza J, Dostál J, Šíma P. Tolerance of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) embryogenic tissue to penicillin, carbapenem and aminoglycoside antibiotics. J For Sci, 2009, 55: 156-161.

[50] Malabadi RB, Van Staden J. Somatic embryogenesis from vegetative shoot apices of mature trees of Pinus patula. Tree Physiol, 2005, 25: 11-16.

[51] McCown BH, Lloyd G. Woody plant medium (WPM)—a mineral nutrient formulation for microculture for woody plant species. Hortic Sci, 1981, 16: 453.

[52] Mendes AFS, Cidade LC, de Oliveira MLP, Otoni WC, Soares-Filho WS, Costa MGC. Evaluation of novel beta-lactam antibiotics in comparison to cefotaxime on plant regeneration of Citrus sinensis L. Osb. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2009, 97: 331-336.

[53] Moncaleán P, Alonso P, Centeno ML, Cortizo M, Rodríguez A, Fernández B, Ordás RJ. Organogenic responses of Pinus pinea cotyledons to hormonal contents: BA metabolism and cytokinin content. Tree Physiol, 2005, 25: 1-19.

[54] Montalbán IA, De Diego N, Igartua EA, Setién A, Moncaleán P. A combined pathway of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis to regenerate radiata pine plants. Plant Biotechnol Rep, 2011, 5: 177-186.

[55] Murashige T. Plant propagation through tissue culture. Ann Rev Plant Physiol, 1974, 25: 135-166.

[56] Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 1962, 15: 473-497.

[57] Nauerby B, Billing K, Wyndaele R. Influence of the antibiotic timentin on plant regeneration compared to carbenicillin and cefotaxime in concentrations suitable for elimination of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Sci, 1997, 123: 169-177.

[58] Ogawa Y, Mii M. Evaluation of 12 b-lactam antibiotics for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation through in planta antibacterial activities and phytotoxicities. Plant Cell Rep, 2005, 23: 736-743.

[59] Piola F, Rohr R, Heizmann P. Rapid detection of genetic variation within and among in vitro propagated cedar (Cedrus libani Loudon) clones. Plant Sci, 1999, 141: 159-163.

[60] Prehn D, Serrano C, Mercado A, Stange C, Barrales L, Arce-Johnson P. Regeneration of whole plants from apical meristems of Pinus radiata. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2003, 73: 91-94.

[61] Pulido CM, Harry IS, Thorpe TA. Optimization of bud induction in cotyledonary explants of Pinus canariensis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1992, 29: 247-255.

[62] Quoirin M, Lepoivre P. Elude de milieu adaptes aux cultures in vitro de Prunus. Acta Hortic, 1977, 78: 437-442.

[63] Reed BM, Tanprasert P. Detection and control of bacterial contaminations of plant tissue culture: a review of recent literature. Plant Tissue Cult Biotechnol, 1995, 1: 137-142.

[64] Renau-Morata B, Ollero J, Arrillagam I, Segura J. Factor influencing axillary proliferation and adventitious budding in cedar. Tree Physiol, 2005, 25: 477-486.

[65] Rugini E. In vitro propagation of some olive (Olea europaea L. var. sativa) cultivars with different root-ability, and medium development using analytical data from developing shoots and embryos. Sci Hortic, 1984, 24: 123-134.

[66] Saravitz CH, Blazich FA, Amerson HV. In vitro propagation of virginia pine from cotyledons. J Am Soc Hortic Sci, 1991, 116: 362-365.

[67] Sarma KS, Evans NE, Selby CH. Effect of carbenicillin and cefotaxime on somatic embryogenesis of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). J Exp Bot, 1995, 46: 1779-1781.

[68] Sarmast MK. Genetic transformation and somaclonal variation in conifers—a review. Plant Biotechnol Rep, 2016, 10: 309-325.

[69] Sarmast MK, Salehi H, Khosh-Khui M, Niazi A, Bastani R (2010) Nano silver functionalization of Agrobacterium mediated transformation with companionship of nanobiotechnology. Symposium on nanotechnologies applied to biosystems engineering and the environment. CIGR. Québec City, 13–17 June, Canada

[70] Sarmast MK, Salehi H, Khosh-Khui M. Nano silver treatment is effective in reducing bacterial contamination of Araucaria excelsa R. Br. var. glauca explants. Acta Biol Hung, 2011, 62: 477-484.

[71] Sarmast MK, Salehi H, Ramzani Abolimoghadam AA, Niazi A, Khosh-Khui M. RAPD fingerprint to appraise the genetic fidelity of in vitro propagated Araucaria excelsa R. Br. var. glauca plantlets. Mol Biotechnol, 2012, 50: 181-188.

[72] Sarmast MK, Salehi H, Khosh-Khui M. Micropropagation of Araucaria excelsa R. Br. var. glauca Carrière from orthotropic stem explants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 2012, 18: 265-271.

[73] Sarmast MK, Niazi A, Salehi H, Abolimoghadam A. Silver nanoparticles affect ACS expression in Tecomella undulata in vitro culture. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult, 2015, 121: 227-236.

[74] Sehgal L, Sehgal OP, Khosla PK. Micropropagation of Araucaria columnaris Hook. Ann Sci For, 1989, 46: 158-160.

[75] Selby C, Watson S, Harvey BMR. Morphogenesis in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) bud cultures—tree maturation and explants from epicormic shoots. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2005, 83: 279-285.

[76] Skoog F. Growth and organ formation in tobacco tissue cultures. Am J Bot, 1944, 31: 19-24.

[77] Stojicic D, Budimir S. Cytokinin-mediated axillary shoots formation in Pinus heldreichii. Biol Plant, 2004, 48: 477-479.

[78] Stojicic D, Budimir S, Culafic L. Micropropagation of Pinus heldrechii. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1999, 59: 147-150.

[79] Tamta S, Palni LMS. Studies of in vitro propagation of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara) using zygotic embryos and stem segments. Indian J Biotechnol, 2004, 3: 209-215.

[80] Tang W, Newton RJ. Plant regeneration from callus cultures derived from mature zygotic embryos in white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Plant Cell Rep, 2005, 24: 1-9.

[81] Tang W, Sederoff R, Whetten R. Regeneration of transgenic loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from zygotic embryos transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciencs. Planta, 2001, 213: 981-989.

[82] Tang W, Newton RJ, Charles TM. Plant regeneration through multiple adventitious shoot differentiation from callus cultures of slash pine (Pinus elliottii). J Plant Physiol, 2006, 163: 98-101.

[83] Tang W, Harris LC, Outhavong V, Newton RJ. The effect of different plant growth regulators on adventitious shoot formation from Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) zygotic embryo explants. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult, 2004, 78: 237-240.

[84] Thorpe TA. Application of tissue culture to forest tree improvement. For Chron, 1985, 61: 436-438.

[85] Thorpe TA. History of plant tissue culture. Mol Biotech, 2007, 37: 169-180.

[86] Timmis R, Ritchie GA (1984) In: Proceedings of the international symposium of recent advances in forest biotechnology, Michigan Biotechnology Institute, Traverse City, Michigan, pp 37–46, 10–13 June 1984

[87] Traore A, Xing Z, Bonser A, Carlson J. Optimizing a protocol for sterilization and in vitro establishment of vegetative bud from mature Douglas fir trees. HortScience, 2005, 40: 1464-1468.

[88] Valdés AE, Ordás RJ, Fernández B, Centeno ML. Relationships between hormonal content sand the organogenic response in Pinus pinea cotyledons. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2001, 39: 377-384.

[89] Vidal N, Arellano G, San-Jose MC, Vieitez AM, Ballester A. Developmental stages during the rooting of in vitro cultured Quercus robur shoots from material of juvenile and mature origin. Tree Physiol, 2003, 23: 1247-1254.

[90] Villalobos-Amador E, Rodríguez-Hernández G, Pérez-Molphe-Balch E. Organogenesis and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-induced rooting in Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowsky and P. pinceana Gordon. Plant Cell Rep, 2002, 20: 779-785.

[91] Viss PR, Brooks EM, Driver JA. A simplified method for the control of bacterial contamination in woody plant tissue culture. In vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 1991, 27: 42.

[92] Webb KJ, Street HE. Morphogenesis in vitro of Pinus and Picea. Acta Horticult, 1977, 78: 259-267.

[93] Yepes LM, Aldwinckle HS. Factors that affect leaf regeneration efficiency in apple and effect of antibiotics in morphogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 1994, 37: 257-269.

[94] Zhang Y, Wei Z, Xi M, Shi J. Direct organogenesis and plantlet regeneration from mature zygotic embryos of masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2006, 84: 119-123.

[95] Zhu LH, Wu XQ, Qu HY, Ji J, Ye J. Micropropagation of Pinus massoniana and mycorrhiza formation in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult, 2010, 102: 121-128.