Genetic variation in relation to adaptability of three mangrove species from the Indian Sundarbans assessed with RAPD and ISSR markers

Abstract

Rich genetic polymorphism is important for plants to adapt to changes because it enables the plant to make anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes in response to abiotic stress. Geomorphologic characteristics, demographic interference and a cumulative decrease in freshwater influx in the Indian Sundarbans region have proved detrimental to some economically important plants. In this study, genetic polymorphism of three mangrove species, Xylocarpus granatum, Excoecaria agallocha, and Phoenix paludosa, was assessed using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers. X. granatum, already in distress in the Sundarbans, had the least genetic polymorphism, 14.56% in the RAPD analysis and 12.92% in the ISSR. Relatively higher genetic polymorphism was recorded for the profusely growing E. agallocha and P. paludosa: 24.66 and 26.4% in RAPD; 24.87 and 20.32% in ISSR analysis respectively. A UPGMA dendrogram constructed using the similarity matrix from RAPD, ISSR and combined data showed that for X. granatum, the least and highest salinity zones clustered together, whereas for E. agallocha and P. paludosa, higher and lower salinity areas clustered in different clades. Nei’s genetic diversity, calculated from RAPD and ISSR data, was also in accordance with 0.0637 and 0.0583 for X. granatum, respectively, much lower than 0.0794 and 0.0818 for E. agallocha and 0.0799 and 0.0688 for P. paludosa. This opposing degree of polymorphism might be attributed to the profusely growing E. agallocha and P. paludosa and precarious status of X. granatum throughout the Indian Sundarbans.

Keywords

Polymorphism / ISSR / Mangrove / RAPD / Sundarbans

References

[1] Barbier EB. Valuing ecosystem services as productive inputs. Econom Policy, 2007, 22: 177-229.

[2] Chanda S, Datta SC. Prospects and problems of a mangrove ecosystem in western Sundarbans (India). Trans Bose Res Inst, 1986, 49(3): 47-57.

[3] Chaudhuri JK (1996) Mangrove forest management. Mangrove rehabilitation and management project in Sulawesi. p 297

[4] Chowdhury MR, Ward MN. Seasonal flooding in Bangladesh—variability and predictability. Hydrol Process, 2007, 21: 335-347.

[5] Das S. An adaptive feature of some mangroves of Sundarbans, West Bengal. J Plant Biol, 1999, 42(2): 109-116.

[6] Das AB, Jena S. Chromosome stability and interpopulation genetic variability in a tree mangrove Xylocarpous granatum Koen. (Meliaceae) as revealed by RAPD markers. Cytologia, 2008, 73: 105-113.

[7] Dasgupta N, Nandy P, Tiwari C, Das S. Salinity-imposed changes of some isozymes and total leaf protein expression in five mangroves from two different habitats. J Plant Int, 2010, 5(3): 211-221.

[8] Dasgupta N, Nandy P, Sengupta C, Das S. Protein and enzymes regulations towards salt tolerance of some Indian mangroves in relation to adaptation. Trees, 2012, 26(2): 377-391.

[9] Dasgupta N, Nandy P, Das S (2013) Salt stress: a biochemical and physiological adaptation of some Indian halophytes of Sundarbans. In: Molecular stress physiology of plants. Springer India, pp 155–177

[10] Dasgupta N, Nandy P, Sengupta C, Das S. RAPD and ISSR marker mediated genetic polymorphism of two mangroves Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Heritiera fomes from Indian Sundarbans in relation to their sustainability. Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 2015, 21(3): 375-384.

[11] Forest Survey of India (FSI) (2009) State forest report 2009. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, 226p

[12] Gurudeevan S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T. Genetic identification of Ceriops decandra (ChiruKandal) using tRNA (Leu) molecular marker. Asian J Plant Sci, 2012, 11: 91-95.

[13] Hadrys H, Balick M, Schierwater B. Applications of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in molecular ecology. Genome, 1992, 1(1): 55-63.

[14] Hiraishi T, Harada K (2003) Greenbelt tsunami prevention in South-Pacific Region. http://eqtap.edm.bosai.go.jp/

[15] Hogarth PJ. The biology of Mangroves and sea grasses, 2007, New York: Oxford University Press 273

[16] Hopson TM, Webster PJ. A 1–10-Day ensemble forecasting scheme for the Major River Basins of Bangladesh: forecasting severe floods of 2003–07. J Hydrometeorol, 2010, 11(3): 618-641.

[17] Jaccard P. Nouvelles researches sur la distribution forale. Bull Soc Sci Nat, 1998, 44: 223-270.

[18] Jian S, Tang T, Zhong Y, Shi S. Variation in inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) in mangrove and non-mangrove populations of Heritiera littoralis (Sterculiaceae) from China and Australia. Aquat Bot, 2004, 79(1): 75-86.

[19] Kader A, Sinha SN, Ghosh PD. Evaluation of genetic diversity of Avicenniaceae family in Indian Sundarban by using RAPD and ISSR markers. Iranian J Genet Plant Breed, 2012, 1: 22-27.

[20] Lakshmi M, Parani M, Ram N, Parida A. Molecular phylogeny of mangroves VI. Intraspecific genetic variation in mangrove species Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae). Genome, 2000, 43(1): 110-115.

[21] Li H-S, Chen G-Z. Genetic diversity of Sonneratia alba in China detected by Inter-simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) analysis. Acta Bot Sinica, 2004, 46: 512-521.

[22] Nandy (Dutta) P, Dasgupta N, Das S. Differential expression of physiological and biochemical characters of some Indian mangroves towards salt tolerance. Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 2009, 15(2): 151-160.

[23] Naskar KR, GuhaBakshi DN. A brief review on some less familiar plants of the Sundarbans India. J Eco Taxon Bot, 1983, 4(3): 699-712.

[24] Nei M. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proc Nat Acad Sci, 1973, 70(12): 3321-3323.

[25] Newbury HJ, Ford-Lloyd BV. The use of RAPD for assessing variation in plants. Plant Growth Reg, 1993, 12: 43-51.

[26] Parani M, Lakshmi M, Elango S, Ram N, Anuratha CS, Parida A. Molecular phylogeny of mangroves II. Intra and inter-specific variation in Avicennia revealed by RAPD and RFLP markers. Genome, 1997, 40(4): 487-495.

[27] Parida A, Anuratha CS, Lakshmi M, Parani M, Kurjen J (1995) Application of molecular markers in assessing genetic diversity in Indian mangroves. In: Use of Induced Mutations and Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement (FAO/IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 595–600)

[28] Pawar UR, Baskaran J, Ajithkumar IP, Panneerselvam R. Genetic variation between Xylocarpus species (Meliaceae) as revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Emirates J Food Agric, 2013, 25(8): 597-604.

[29] Rohlf FJ (1993)Ntsys-PC. Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system Version I. 80-Setauket, NY, Exeter Software

[30] Schaal BA, Leverich WJ, Rogstad SH. Comparison of methods for assessing genetic variation in plant conservation biology. Genetics and conservation of rare plants, 1991, New York: Oxford University Press 123 134

[31] Schwarzbach AE, McDade LA. Phylogenetic relationships of the mangrove family Avicenniaceae based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Syst Bot, 2002, 27: 84-98.

[32] Sheue CR, Liu HY, Tasi CC, Rashid SMA, Yong JWH, Yang YP. On the morphology and molecular basis of segregation of two species Ceriops zippeliana Blum. and C. decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou (Rhizophoraceae) from Southeastern Asia. Blumea, 2009, 54: 220-227.

[33] Sneath PH, Sokal RR (1973) Numerical taxonomy. The principles and practice of numerical classification

[34] Spalding M, Blasco F, Field C. World Mangrove Atlas, 1997, Japan: The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems. Okinawa 178

[35] Spiers AG (1999) Review of International continental wetland resources. Global review of wetland resources and priorities for wetland inventory. Finlayson, CM and Spiers, AG (eds.), supervising Scientist Report 144. Canberra, Australia: 63–104

[36] Takemura T, Hanagata N, Sugihara K, Baba S, Karube I, Dubinsky Z. Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Salt Stress in the Mangrove, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Aquat Bot, 2000, 68: 15-28.

[37] Tan F, Huang Y, Ge X, Su G, Ni X, Shi S. Population genetic structure and conservation implications of Ceriops decandra in Malay Peninsula and North Australia. Aqua Bot, 2005, 81(2): 175-188.

[38] Teixeira S, Arnaud-Haond S, Duarte CM, Serrao E. Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the mangrove tree Avicennia alba. Mol Ecol Notes, 2003, 3: 544-546.

[39] Templeton AR (1993) Translocation as conservation tool. In: Biodiversity in mangrove landscapes, theory and practice (ed. Szaro R. I. N) (Oxford University Press)

[40] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version (2014) <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 22 March 2015

[41] Triest L. Molecular ecology and biogeography of mangrove trees towards conceptual insights on gene flow and barriers: a review. Aqua Bot, 2008, 89(2): 138-154.

[42] Upadhyay VP, Ranjan R, Singh JS. The Human Mangrove Conflicts-The way out. CurrSci, 2002, 83: 1328-1336.

[43] Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res, 1990, 18: 6531-6535.

[44] Yan L, Guizhu C. Physiological adaptability of three mangrove species to salt stress. Acta Ecol Sinica, 2007, 27(6): 2208-2214.

[45] Yeh FC, Yang RC, Boyle TB, Ye ZH, Mao JX. POPGENE, the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Molecular biology and biotechnology center, 1997, Canada: University of Alberta 10

[46] Zimmermann MH. Xylem structure and the ascent of sap, 1983, Berlin: Springer