Modular growth and clonal propagation of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in response to irrigation intensity

Abstract

A multipurpose clone plant species, Hippophae rhamniodes has the capacity for indefinite longevity, although under successive drought stress it may often decline or die across large areas. Field trials were conducted over 2 years to examine the effects of varied irrigation intensities on modular growth and clonal propagation in a semi-arid area. Irrigation levels included a control, as well as two, four and six times the volume of water that was typically received via local annual average precipitation. Irrigation intensity significantly influenced clonal propagation capacity (number of daughter ramets), aboveground modular growth (height, base diameter, and crown width), belowground modular growth included root nodule dry weight, stretching capacity of lateral roots (length of the longest lateral roots, and diameter of first-grade lateral roots), and branching intensity of lateral roots (number of lateral roots bifurcation grade, number of first-grade lateral roots). The modular growth and the density of daughter ramets were small under non-irrigation or low irrigation, and became larger with increased irrigation intensity. Beyond a certain threshold, however, further increases in irrigation intensity resulted in a reversion to the development. The optimal irrigation intensities for growth and propagation were 3.48–5.29 times the volume of nominal local annual average precipitation. There were effects of irrigation intensities on the positive significant correlations between aboveground and belowground modular growths, and on clonal propagation capacities. Under various water treatments, H. rhamnoides may adapt to the environment through the regulation of growth and propagation. We concluded that water shortages act to weaken the growth and propagation of H. rhamniodes plantations.

Keywords

Clonal propagation / Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis / Irrigation intensity / Modular growth

References

[1] Agricultural Regionalization Committee of Dingbian County The compilation report of agricultural resource investigation and regionalization in Dingbian County, Shanxi Province. 1986, Yulin: Agricultural Regionalization Committee of Yulin, 2 23

[2] Akkermans ADL, Roelofsen W, Blom J, Hussdanell K, Harkink R. Utilization of carbon and nitrogen compounds by Frankia in synthetic media and in root nodules of Alnus glutinosa, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Datisca cannabina. Can J Bot, 1983, 61: 2793-2800.

[3] Bal LM, Meda V, Naik SN, Sanosh S. Sea buckthorn berries: a potential source of valuable nutrients for nutraceuticals and cosmoceuticals. Food Res Int, 2011, 44(7): 1718-1727.

[4] Carco T, Keylly CK. On the adaptive value of physiological integration in clonal plants. Ecology, 1991, 72(1): 81-93.

[5] Chen LL, Xin ZZ, Li BQ, Zheng SK, Liu FJ. The relation between water supply and tree growth of high-yield poplar plantation in dry area. For Res, 1991, 4(4): 447-452.

[6] Chen XL, Ma RJ, Sun K, Lian YS. Germplasm resource and habitat types of sea buckthorn in China. Acta Bot Boreali Occidentalia Sin, 2003, 23(3): 451-455.

[7] Chen Q, Cao YM, Wang XR, Wang X, Kang X, Wu XB. Application of rainwater collection and storage in agricultural demonstration zone. Hunan Agric Sci, 2011, 9: 75-78.

[8] Dai GH, Li GQ, Li TJ, Li SL, Xiao ZY. Effects of water conditions on the growth and population stability of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis. J Northwest For Univ, 2011, 26(2): 1-8.

[9] Dobritsa SV, Novik SN. Feedback regulation of nodule formation in Hippophae rhamnoides. Plant Soil, 1992, 144(1): 45-50.

[10] Francisc VD. Fatty acids in berry lipids of six sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. subspecies carpatica) cultivars grown in Romania. Dulf Chem Cent J, 2012, 106: 1-12.

[11] Gao ZY, Zhang YS. The observation and investigation on the feature of root system of sea buckthorn. J Beijing For Univ, 1989, 11(4): 53-59.

[12] He XY, Zhang CG, Yang SH, Zhang Y, Su DY, Liu HC. Role of nitrogen-fixing trees in mixed forest I. Nitrogen fixation and tree growth of mixed stand with Hippophae rhamnoides. Chin J Appl Ecol, 1996, 7(4): 354-358.

[13] He B, Li GQ, Xu DB, Li TJ, Ni JB. The clonal growth and its ecological significance of Hippophae. J Northwest For Univ, 2006, 21(3): 54-59.

[14] He B, Li GQ, Li ZQ, Li XZ, Wei Y, Ni JB. Population quantity and population structure in response to soil moisture in the clonal tree species Hippophae rhamniodes L. subsp. sinensis. J Northwest Agric For Univ, 2007, 35(3): 183-187.

[15] He B, Zhao FX, Li GQ, Ma XF, Xu DB, Li TJ. The response of clonal growth of Hippophae rhamniodes L. subsp. sinensis to the availability of soil moisture in Mu Us sandland. J Nanjing For Univ, 2012, 36(4): 46-50.

[16] Hu JZ. Strategic thought on regionalization of plantation and development of Hippophae in three north Areas of China. Res Soil Water Conserv, 2006, 13(1): 4-7.

[17] Hu JZ, Liu LY, Yin LQ. The distribution characteristics of sea buckthorn root nodule in soft sandstone area. Mod Agric Sci Technol, 2010, 18: 252-255.

[18] Kazuhisa K, Kanayama Y, Ohkawa W, Kanahama K. Nitrogen fixation in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) root nodules and effect of nitrate on nitrogenase activity. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci, 2007, 76(3): 185-190.

[19] Kondrashov VT, Sokolova EP. New wilt-resistant forms of Hippophae rhamnoides Byelleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody. Biologicheskii, 1990, 96: 146-153.

[20] Li GQ, Huang BL, Tang DR. The edge dispersal clone population regulation of Hippophae rhamniodes subsp. sinensis in the Mu US Sandland. J Nanjing For Univ, 2001, 25(2): 9-13.

[21] Li XZ, Li GQ, Wei Y, He B. Causes of sea buckthorn death in large acreage in China. Hippophae, 2005, 18(1): 24-28.

[22] Li XY, Wang LH, Li LG, Ma Q, Zhang XW, Zhao LZ. Morphological anatomy structure of Chinese and Russian sea buckthorn root nodules. J Arid Land Resour Environ, 2008, 22(8): 192-195.

[23] Li TJ, Li GQ, Xu DB, He B, Gao JR. The clonal growth of Hippophae rhamniodes L. subsp. sinensis in response to irrigation intensity. Acta Ecol Sin, 2010, 30(24): 6952-6960.

[24] Lian YS, Chen XL. The ecogeographical distribution of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and its phytogeographical significance. Acta Phytotaxodomica Sin, 1992, 30(4): 349-355.

[25] Linder F, Laura H, Edward N, Elizabeth N, James R (2007) SPSS for windows version 13.0: a basic tutorial. California: McGraw-Hill custom publishing house, p 46–55

[26] Liu SM, Sun CZ, Sun BY. Study on suitable irrigation norms of Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis plantation. Scientia Silvae Sin, 2004, 40(6): 85-90.

[27] Lu RS. Sea buckthorn: a multipurpose plant species for fragile mountains. 1992, Kathmandu: ICIMOD Publication Unit, 62 73

[28] Lü RS. Fuction of Hippophae in ecological environment construction in western China. Hippophae, 2003, 16(1): 3-7.

[29] Luo XG, Dong M. Architectural plasticity in response to soil moisture in the stoloniferous herb, Duchesnea indica. Acta Ecol Sin, 2001, 21(12): 1957-1963.

[30] Pan RC. Plant physiology (4th edition). 2001, Beijing: Higher-Education Press, 229 230

[31] Pan RZ, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Sun Z, Deng B (1989) The distribution characters of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) and its research progress in China. Xian: the secretariat of international symposium of sea buckthorn, p 1–16

[32] Qin L, Cheng WJ, Pan YB, An XX, Pan XL. Research progress on the sea buckthorn’s branches and leaves as feed. Acta Ecol Anim Domest, 2013, 34(1): 82-85.

[33] Rousi A. The genus Hippophae L. A taxonomic study. Ann Bot Fenn, 1971, 8: 177-227.

[34] Ruan CJ, Li DQ. Soil moisture and its influence on sea buckthorn growth in semi-arid Loess Hilly Region. Bull Soil Water Conserv, 1999, 19(5): 27-30.

[35] Ruan CJ, Rumpunen K, Nybom H. Advances in improvement of quality and resistance in a multipurpose crop: sea buckthorn. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 2013, 33(2): 126-144.

[36] Shelford VE. Low of toleration. Animal communities in temperate America. 1913, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 302 303

[37] Shi H, Shao MA. Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China. J Arid Environ, 2000, 45: 9-20.

[38] Silvertown JW. Introduction to plant population ecology. 1987, New York: Longman Group Limited Company, 108 120

[39] Suryakumar G, Gupta A. Medicinal and therapeutic potential of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). J Ethnopharmacol, 2011, 138(2): 268-278.

[40] Tang CP, Wu L, Yuan SA, Guo F, Li GQ, You Y. Premature senescence and rejuvenation of Hippophae ssp. plantation. J Northwest For Univ, 2014, 30(5): 47-52.

[41] Wang KQ, Wang BR. The initial studies on afforestation by water-harvesting to prevent soil desiccation of artificial plantation. Scientia Silvae Sin, 1998, 34(4): 1-8.

[42] Wang HH, Sun X, Hua SZ, Teng XP. Historical record and current situation of pharmaceutical R & D about sea buckthorn in China. Glob Sea buckthorn Res Dev, 2012, 10(4): 25-28.

[43] Wei YK, Liang ZS, Wang JF, Han RL. Water characteristics and biomass of Hippophae rhamnoides in different site conditions in Loess Hilly Region. Hippophae, 2001, 14(4): 5-8.

[44] Wu QX, Zhao HY. Soil and water conservation functions of sea buckthorn and its role in controlling and exploiting Loess Plateau. For Stud China, 2000, 2: 50-56.

[45] Wu QX, Zhao HY. The sea buckthorn forest for soil and water conservation function and its role in the control and development of Loess Plateau. Hippophae, 2002, 15(1): 27-30.

[46] Xiao ZY, Li GQ, Dai GH, Li SL, Li TJ. Biomass allocation and investment of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp.sinensis populations under different aspects of slope in the Loess Plateau. J Northeast For Univ, 2011, 39(5): 44-46.

[47] Xu DB, Li GQ, He B, Li TJ. A discussion on the population stability maintenance in clonal plant of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis. Glob Sea buckthorn Res Dev, 2006, 4(4): 44-48.

[48] Xu DB, Zhao FX, He B, Li TJ, Duan ZL, Li GQ. Response of clonal growth pattern of Hippophae rhamniodes L. subsp. sinensis to different irrigation intensities. J Northeast For Univ, 2008, 36(9): 31-32.

[49] Zhang JT, Chen TG. Effects of mixed Hippophae rhamnoides on community and soil in planted forests in the Eastern Loess Plateau, China. Ecol Eng, 2007, 31(2): 115-121.

[50] Zhang JK, Lin W. Sea buckthorn nodule formation and nitrogen fixation ability. Hippophae, 1995, 8(2): 3-9.

[51] Zhang LX, Hui XX, Huang LH, Lu TG. The reasons and countermeasures of the death of sea buckthorn forest in large area in Jianping County. Hippophae, 2002, 15(3): 26-29.

[52] Zhang AM, Niu SQ, Sun K, Cao WX, Da WY. Study on the root nodule’s features of Hippophae and Frankia isolation. Grassl Turf, 2010, 30(2): 43-46.

[53] Zhao HZ. The importance of sea buckthorn in ecological agriculture and forestry construction in arid and semi-arid region of China. Prot For Sci Technol, 1995, 25(4): 18-21.

[54] Zhou ZY. Causes and countermeasures of aging Hippophae rhamnoides in eastern Erdos city of Inner Mongolia. Hippophae, 2002, 15(2): 7-11.