Comparative field performance of some agricultural crops under a canopy of Populus deltoides and Ulmus wallichiana

Abstract

The performance of maize, beans and sunflower was evaluated under a canopy of Populus deltoides and Ulmus wallichiana at Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura. The germination, growth and yield of the three test crops were suppressed under both tree species. The reduction, however, decreased when the cultivation of test crops was continued for three years. The inhibition potential generally is in the order of P. deltoides < U. wallichiana for maize and sunflower and P. deltoides > U. wallichiana for beans. Available soil N, P and K increased under the canopy of the selected tree species. The soils under U. wallichiana were more fertile than those under P. deltoides. Chromatographic investigation of extracts showed that the soils under P. deltoides and U. wallichiana differed in their composition of phenolic acids and phenolic glycocides. Except for caffic acid, all other allelochemicals disappeared and were no longer recovered in soil samples obtained after the second or third year of cultivation. Tree-crop compatibility can be explored in greater detail for improved management of traditional agro-ecosystems in Kashmir to increase the overall productivity of the land.

Keywords

allelopathy / agroforestry / phenolic acids / glycocides / growth performance / yield

References

[1] Alford R, Perry LG, Qin B, Vivanco JM, Paschke MW. A putative allelopathic agent of Russian knapweed occurs in invaded soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2007, 39(7): 1812-1815.

[2] Altieri MA, Trujillo FJ, Farrcll J. Gholz HK. Plant-insect interactions and soil fertility relations in agroforestry systems: implications for the design of sustainable agroecosystems. Agroforestry: realities, possibilities and potentials. 1987, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Nijhoff and ICRAF, 89 108

[3] Blanco JA. The representation of allelopathy in ecosystem-level forest models. Ecological Modeling, 2007, 209(2–4): 65-77.

[4] Blum U. Effects of microbial utilization of phenolic acids and their breakdown products on allelopathic interactions. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1998, 24(4): 685-708.

[5] Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M. Lignin biosynthesis. Annual Review Plant Biology, 2003, 54(1): 519-546.

[6] Bowen GD, Rovira AD. The rhizosphere and its management to improve plant growth. Advances in Agronomy, 1999, 66: 1-102.

[7] Carlini CR, de Grossi SMF. Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal properties: a review potentialities as bioinsecticides. Toxicon, 2002, 40(11): 1515-1539.

[8] Chen CL, FD Hostetter. Phenolic constituents of elm wood. 2-Naphthoic acid derivatives from UImus thomasii. Tetrahedron, 1969, 25: 3223-3229.

[9] Cheng HH. Chou CS, Waller GR. Assessment of fate and transport of allelochemicals in soils. Phytochemical ecology: Allelochemicals, mycotoxins and insect pheromones and allomones. 1989, Taipei, ROC: Inst. of Botany, 209 215

[10] Cheng HH. Rizvi SJH, Rizvi V. A conceptual framework for assessing allelochemicals in the soil environment. Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects. 1992, New York: Chamman and Hall, 21 30

[11] Chou CH. Chou CS, Waller GR. Allelopathy in agroecosystems in Taiwan. Allelochemicals and pheromones. Phytochemical ecology: Allelochemicals, mycotoxins and insect pheromones and allomones. 1983, Taipei, ROC: Inst. of Botany, 27 64

[12] Chou CH, Chiang YC, Cheng HH. Autointoxication mechanisms of Oryza sativa III. Effect of temperate on phytotoxins production during rice straw decomposition in soil. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1981, 7: 741-52.

[13] Dixon RA, Achnine L, Kota P, Liu CJ, Reddy MSS, Wang L. The phenylpropanoid pathway and plant defense-a genomics perspective. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2002, 3(5): 371-390.

[14] Gaur RD. Flora of District Garhwal, North West Himalaya. 1999, Srinagar, Garhwal, India: Trans Media, 86.

[15] Gomez KA, Gomez AA. Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research, 1984 2nd edition New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc

[16] Goss JA. Physiology of plants and their cells. 1973, New York: Pergamon Press Inc

[17] Greenaway W, May J, Whatley FR. Flavonoid aglycones identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in bud exudate of Populus balsamifera. Journal of Chromatography, 1989, 472(2): 393-400.

[18] Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 2000, 55(6): 481-504.

[19] Harborne JB, Mabry TJ. The Flavonoids, Advances in Research. 1982, New York: Chapman & Hall

[20] Hepperly P, Aguilar-Erazo H, Perez R, Diaz M, Reyes C. Rizvi SJH, Rizvi V. Pigeon pea and velvet bean allelopathy. Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects. 1992, New york: Chamman and Hall, 357 370

[21] Hoagland L, Carpenter-Boggs L, Reganold JP, Mazzola M. Role of native soil biology in Brassicaceous seed meal-induced weed suppression. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008, 40(7): 1689-1697.

[22] Horsley SB. Allelopathic interference among plants. II Physiological modes of action. Proc. Fourth North Amer. For. BioI. Workshop, 1976 93 136

[23] Hostettler FD, Seikel MK. Lignans of Ulmus thomasii heartwood. II. Lignans related to thomasic acid. Tetrahedron, 1969, 25(11): 2325-2337.

[24] Hussain F, Niaz F, Jabeen M, Burni T. Allelopathic potential of Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Pakistan Journal of Plant Science, 2004, 10(2): 69-77.

[25] Ignat I, Volf I, Popa VIA. A critical review of methods for characterization of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chemistry, 2011, 126(4): 1821-1835.

[26] Ikonen A, Tahvanainen J, Roininen H. Chlorogenic acid as an antiherbivore defense of willows against leaf beetles. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 2001, 99(1): 47-54.

[27] Inderjit. Soil environmental effects on allelochemical activity. Agronomy Journal, 2001, 93: 79-84.

[28] Inderjit, Weston LA. Blom CWPM, Visser EJW. Root interactions in higher plants: Allelopathy and competition. Root ecology. 2001, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag

[29] Inderjit, Dakshni KMM. Principles and practices in plant ecology: Allelochemical interactions, 1999 35 40

[30] Jain SK. Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. 1991, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi, India: Deep Publications, 183.

[31] Jilani G, Mahmood S, Chaudhary AN, Hassan I, Akram M. Allelochemicals: sources, toxicity and microbial transformation in soil: a review. Annals of Microbiology, 2008, 58(3): 351-357.

[32] Josre S. Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits. Agroforestry Systems, 2009, 76: 1-10.

[33] Kil BS. Rizvi SJH, Rizvi V. Effect of pine allelochemicals on selected species in Korea. Allelopathy: Basic and Applied Aspects. 1992, New York: Chamman and Hall, 205 241

[34] Kruse M, Strandberg M, Strandberg B. Ecological effects of allelopathic plants — a review, 2000

[35] Lehman RG, Cheng HH. Reactivity of phenolic acids in soils and formation of oxidation products. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1988, 52: 1304-1309.

[36] Lodhi MAK, Rice EL. Allelopathic effects of Celtis laevigata. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 1971, 98(2): 83-90.

[37] Louis S, Delobel B, Gressent F, Duporta G, Diola O, Rahiouia I, Charlesa H, Rahbe Y. Broad screening of the legume family for variability in seed insecticidal activities and for the occurrence of the A1b-like knotting peptide entomotoxins. Phytochemistry, 2007, 68(4): 521-535.

[38] Macias FA, Galindo J, Galindo JCG. Evolution and current status of ecological Phytochemistry. Phytochemistry, 2007, 68(22–24): 2917-2936.

[39] MeClaugherty CA, Aber JD, Melillo JM. The role of fine roots in the organic matter and nitrogen budget of two forested ecosystems. Ecology, 1982, 63(5): 1481-1490.

[40] Mohsin F, Singh RP, Jattan SS, Singh K. Root studies in Eucalyptus hybrid plantation at various ages. Indian Forester, 2000, 126(11): 1165-1174.

[41] Nair PKR, Kumar BM, Nair YD. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2009, 172(1): 10-23.

[42] Peltonen PA, Vapaavuori E, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Accumulation of phenolic compounds in birch leaves is changed by elevated carbon dioxide and ozone. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11(8): 1305-1324.

[43] Piper GS. Soil and plant analysis. 1966, Bombay: Hans Publications, 368.

[44] Pistelli L, Bertoli A, Lepori E, Morelli I, Panizzi L. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of crude extracts and isolated saponins from Astragalus verrucosus. Fitoterapia, 2002, 73(4): 336-339.

[45] Popa VI, Dumitru M, Volf I, Anghel N. Lignin and polyphenols as allelochemicals. Industrial Crops and Products, 2008, 27(2): 144-149.

[46] Qu XH, Wang JG. Effect of amendments with different phenolic acids on soil microbial biomass, activity and community diversity. Applied Soil Ecology, 2008, 39(2): 172-179.

[47] Rawat P, Kumar M, Sharma K, Chattopadhyay N, Maurya R. Ulmosides A and B. Flavonoid 6 C — Glycoside from Ulmus wallichiana. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2009, 19(16): 4684-4687.

[48] Rizvi SJH, Tahir M, Rizvi V, Kohli RK, Ansari A. Allelopathic intractions in agroforestry systems. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 1999, 18(6): 773-779.

[49] Sharma KK. Wheat cultivation in association with Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild ex. Del. field bound plantations — a case study. Agroforestry Systems, 1992, 17(1): 43-51.

[50] Sharma NK, HP S, KS Dadhwal. Nutrient returns through litter fall in Populus deltoides based agroforestry system. Indian Forester, 2000, 126(3): 295-299.

[51] Singh A, Dhanda RS, Ralhan RK. Performance of wheat varieties under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in Punjab (India). Agroforestry Systems, 1993, 22: 83-86.

[52] Startsev N, Lieffers VJ, Landhäusser SM. Effects of leaf litter on the growth of boreal feather mosses: implication for forest floor development. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2008, 19(2): 253-260.

[53] Subbiah BV, Asija CL. A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soil. Current Science, 1956, 25: 259-260.

[54] Tseng MH, Kuo YH, Chen YM, Chou CH. Allelopathic potential of Macraranga tanarius (L.) muell.-arg. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2003, 29(5): 1269-1286.

[55] Vogel JA. Quantitative inorganic analysis including elementry instrumental analysis. 1961, London: Longman, Green and Co. Ltd

[56] Wang H, Huang Y, Huang H, Wang KM, Zhou SY. Soil properties under young Chinese fir-based agroforestry systems in mid-subtropical China. Agroforestry Systems, 2005, 64(2): 131-141.

[57] Wang TSC, Li SW, Ferng YL. Catalytic polymerization of phenolic compound by clay minerals. Soil Science, 1978, 126(1): 15-21.

[58] Weih M, Didon UME, Ronnbergwastljung AC, Bjorkman C. Integrated agricultural research and crop breeding: Allelopathic weed control in cereals and long-term productivity in perennial biomass crops. Agricultural Systems, 2008, 97(3): 99-107.

[59] Wu H, Pratley J, Lemerle D, Haig T, AN M. Screening methods for the evaluation of crop allelopathic potential. The Botanical Review, 2001, 67(3): 403-415.

[60] Young HY, Gill RF. Determination of magnesium in soil and plant tissue with thiazole-yellow. Analytical Chemistry, 1951, 23(5): 751-754.