Variation in phenol, electrical conductivity, and sugar contents in Grewia oppositifolia Roxb.

Abstract

We estimated variation in the allocation of metabolites (phenol, sugar, and electrical conductance) in seed, fruit and seedling leachates of 25 populations of Grewia. oppositifolia. Higher quantity of phenolics and higher electrical conductance were observed in plants from lower-middle altitudes but this was not correlated significantly with germination, survival, or plant height. On the other hand, sugar content in fruit pulp leachates was greatest in higher elevational populations and these sources also recorded higher germination, survival, and plant height under nursery conditions. Thus we recommend that germplasm (seed) should be collected from moderately higher elevational sources for nursery as well as future breeding strategies of this potential agroforestry tree crop of the central Himalaya.

Keywords

Grewia oppositifolia / phenol / electrical conductivity / sugar / seed / seedling / Garhwal Himalaya

References

[1] Atangana A.R., Ukafor V., Anegbeh P., Asaah E., Tchoundjeu Z.. Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 2. The selection of multiple traits for potential cultivars from Cameroon and Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 2002, 55: 221-229.

[2] Azo W.M., Focho D.A., Mbong G.A.. Effect of seed size on germination and growth of Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Del. seedlings in the semiarid region of North Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Biosciences, 2005, 5: 19-23.

[3] Bartz A.E.. One-way Analysis of Variance. Basic Statistical concepts, 1988 3rd edition New York: MacMilan Publishing Company, 278 303

[4] Bewley J.D., Black M.. Seeds: physiology of development and germination, 1994 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Press, 445.

[5] Bray H.C., Thorpe W.V.. Glick D.. Analysis of phenolics compounds on interest in metabolism. Methods of biochemical analysis. 1954, New York: Interscience, 27 52

[6] Chandra P., Todaria N.P.. Maturation and ripening of three species of Berberis. Scientica Horticulture, 1983, 19: 91-95.

[7] Dubois M., Gilles K., Hamitton J.K., Roberts P.A., Smith F.. A calorimetric method for the determination of sugar. Nature, 1951, 168 167

[8] Emenky F.A.O., Khalaf A.S.. Effect of sowing depth and seed size of some winter cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) on field emergence and vegetative growth. Research Journal of Seed Science, 2008, 1: 11-18.

[9] International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). 1993. International Rules for Seed Testing, Seed Science & Technology, 21 supplement Zurich, Switzerland, p. 288.

[10] Kanmegne G., Mbouobda H.D., Temfack B., Koffi E.K., Omokolo D.N.. Impact of biochemical and morphological variations on germination traits in Garcinia kola heckel seeds collected from Cameroon. Research Journal of Seed Science, 2010, 3: 82-92.

[11] Kapchie NV, Tchiegang C, Mbofung CM, Kapseu C. 2002. Variation of physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of aiele (Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.) from different provinces in Cameroon. In; Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on enhancing of safou and other nonconventional oil trees, (ES-NCOT’02), Yaoundé, Cameroon, pp. 149–263.

[12] Khosla P.K., Toky O.P., Bisht R.P., Hamidullah S.. Leaf dynamics and protein contents of six important fodder trees of the Western Himalaya. Agroforestry Systems, 1992, 19: 109-118.

[13] Khurana E., Singh J.S.. Ecology of tree seed and seedlings: implication for tropical forest conservation and restoration. Current Science, 2001, 80: 748-757.

[14] Leakey R., Schrecheriberg K., Tchoundjev Z.. The participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits. International Forestry Review, 2003, 5: 338-347.

[15] Leakey R.R.B., Fondoun J.M., Atangana A., Tchoundjeu Z.. Quantitative descriptors of variation in the fruits and seeds of Irvingia gabonensis. Agroforestry Systems, 2000, 50: 47-58.

[16] Malik A.R., Shamet G.S.. Storage of Pinus gerardiana seeds: biochemical changes and its applicability as vigour test. Research Journal of Seed Science, 2009, 2: 48-55.

[17] Negi A.K., Bhatt B.P., Todaria N.P.. Local population impact on forests of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The Environmentalist, 1999, 19: 293-303.

[18] Ramchandra NG. 1996. Provenance variation in seed and seedling parameters of Acacia catechu. D. Phil Thesis submitted to ICFRE, Dehradun, pp. 219.

[19] Rawat BS. 2007. Provenance testing in three important conifer species of Uttranchal Himalaya, India. D. Phil Thesis awarded by H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttaranchal.

[20] Rawat B.S., Uniyal A.K.. Variation in Seed Soluble Proteins, Carbohydrates, Free Amino Acids and Germination of Three Garhwal Himalayan Conifer Species. Seed Technology Journal, 2011, 33(2): 173-181.

[21] Saklani KP. 1999. Altitudinal and seasonal variation in relation to fodder quality of oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. camus ex. Bahadur) in Garhwal Himalaya. D. Phil Thesis awarded by H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttaranchal, pp. 111.

[22] Sharma JR. 1998. Statistical and biometrical techniques in plant breeding. In: New age International Publication. New Delhi, P. 432.

[23] Singh B. 2004. Altitudinal variation in relation to seed, seedling and fodder quality of Celtis australis L.: A promising agroforestry tree-crop of Central Himalaya (Garhwal & Kumaon), India. D. Phil Thesis awarded by HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal-246 174, Uttaranchal, India, pp. 122.

[24] Todaria N.P.. Changes in pigments and phenolics in Artemesia species grown at different altitudes in Garhwal Himalaya. Biologia Plantarum (Praha), 1986, 28(4): 307-309.

[25] Todaria N.P., Bhatt B.P., et al. Pathak P.S., et al. Some multipurpose tree taxa of Garhwal Himalaya. MPTs for Agroforestry System. 1992, Jhansi, U.P.: Range Management Society of India, I.G.F.R.I., 37 41

[26] Troup R.S.. The Silviculture of Indian Trees. 1921, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 958 962

[27] Uniyal A.K.. Provenance variation in seed and seedlings of Grewia optiva Drumm. 1999, Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttaranchal: H.N.B. Garhwal Univ.

[28] Uniyal A.K., Bhatt B.P., Todaria N.P.. Provenance characteristics and pretreatment effects on seed germination of Grewia oppositifolia Roxb.: A promising agroforestry tree-crop of Central Himalaya, India. International Tree Crops Journal, 2000, 10: 203-213.

[29] Uniyal A.K., Bhatt B.P., Todaria N.P.. Provenance variation in seed and seedling characteristics in Grewia oppositifolia Roxb. in Central Himalaya, India. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2003, 136: 47-53.