Responses of soil microorganisms to elevated CO₂ in experiment sites ofPinus sylvestriformis andPinus koraiensis

Abstract

Responses of soil microbial activities to elevated CO₂ in experiment sites ofPinus sylvestriformis andPinus koraiensis seedlings were studied in summer in 2003. The results indicated the number of bacteria decreased significantly (p<0.05) under elevated CO₂ forPinus sylvestriformis andPinus koraiensis. Amylase and invertase activities in soil increased forPinus sylvestriformis and decreased forPinus koraiensis with CO₂ enrichment compared with those at ambient (350 μmol·mol⁻¹). The size of microbial biomass C also decreased significantly at 700 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂. Bacterial community structure had some evident changes under elevated CO₂ by DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) analysis of bacterial 16S rDNA gene fragments amplified by PCR from DNA extracted directly from soil. The results suggested that responses of soil microorganisms to elevated CO₂ would be related to plant species exposed to elevated CO₂.

Keywords

Bacterial community / Bacterial numbers / Elevated CO₂ / Soil enzyme activity / S718.521.3 / A

References

[1] Allen M.F., Andrews J.A., Finzi A.C. et al. Effects of free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) on belowground processes in aPinus taeda forest [J]. Ecological Applications, 2000, 10: 437-448.

[2] Bruce K.D., Jones T.H., Bezemer T.M. et al. The effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on soil bacterial communities [J]. Global Change Biology, 2000, 6: 427-434.

[3] Cardon Z.G. Influence of rhizodeposition under elevated CO₂ on plant nutrition and soil organic matter [J]. Plant and Soil, 1996, 187: 277-288.

[4] Lihong Chai, Tao Wang, Qinyuan Wang et al. Assessment of the bacterial community in the two adjacent lakes, Qinghai, by DGGE [J]. Journal of Biology, 2003, 20(1): 13-14.

[5] Diza S., Grime J.P., Harris J. et al. Evidence of a feedback mechanism limiting plant response to elevated carbon dioxide [J]. Nature, 1993, 364: 616-617.

[6] Ebersberger D., Niklaus P.A., Kandeler E. Long-term CO₂ enrichment stimulates N-mineralisa-tion and enzyme activities in calcareous grassland [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2003, 35: 965-972.

[7] Ercolini D., Hill P.J., Dodd C.E.R. Bacterial Community Structure and Location in Stilton Cheese. [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2003, 69(6): 3540-3548.

[8] Grayston S.J., Wang S., Campbell C.D. et al. Selective influence of plant species on microbial diversity in rhizophere [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1998, 30(3): 369-378.

[9] Hodge A., Paterson E., Grayston S. et al. Characterisation and microbial utilization of exudates material from the rhizosphere ofLolium Perenne grown under CO₂ enrichment [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1998, 30: 1033-1043.

[10] Hu S., Firestone M.K., Chapin F.S. Soil microbial feedbacks to atmospheric CO₂ enrichment [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1999, 14: 433-437.

[11] Hungate B.A., Holland E.A., Jackson R.B. et al. The fate of carbon under carbon dioxide enrichment [J]. Nature, 1997, 388: 576-579.

[12] Qimei Lin, Wu Yuguang, Huanlong Liu Modification of fumigation extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass carbon Chinese Journal of Ecology [J], 1999, 18(2): 63-66. (in Chinese)

[13] Lmaborg, M.R., Hardy, R.W.F., Paul, E.A. 1998. Microbial effects. In: CO₂ and Plants. The response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (ed. Lemon E. R.) [C], pp131–176.

[14] Montealegre C.M., van Kessel C., Ruselle M.P. et al. Changes in microbial activity and composition in a pasture ecosystem exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide [J]. Plant and Soil, 2000, 243: 197-207.

[15] Niklaus P.A. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil microbiota in calcareous grassland [J]. Global Change Biology, 1998, 4(4): 451-600.

[16] Niklaus P.A., Alphei J., Ebersberger D. et al. Six years ofin situ CO₂ enrichment evoke changes in soil structure and soil biota of nutrient-poor grassland [J]. Global Change Biology, 2003, 9: 585-458.

[17] Norby R.J. Issues and perspectives for investigating root respones to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide [J]. Plant and Soil, 1994, 165: 9-20.

[18] Paterson E., Rattray S., Killham K. Effect of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration on C-partitioning and rhizosphere C-flow for three plant specie [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1996, 28: 195-201.

[19] Piedad M.O., Robert M.R., John G. The influence of plants grown under elevated CO₂ and Nfertilization on soil nitrogen dynamics [J]. Global Change Biology, 2002, 8: 643-657.

[20] Pregitzer K.S., Zak D.R., Curtis P.S. et al. Atmospheric CO₂ soil nitrogen and turnover of fine roots [J]. New Physiologist, 1995, 129: 579-585.

[21] Ringelberg D.B., Stair J.O., Almeida J. et al. Consequences of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the belowground microbiota associated with white oak [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1997, 26: 495-503.

[22] Rogers H.H., Prior S.A., Runion G.B. et al. Root to shoot ratio of crop as influenced by CO₂ [J]. Plant and Soil, 1996, 187: 229-248.

[23] Ross D.J., Saggar S., Tate K.R. et al. Elevated CO₂ effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling in grass/cover turves of a Psammaquent soil [J]. Plant and Soil, 1996, 182: 185-198.

[24] Wiemken V., Laczko E., Ineichen K. et al. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen fertilization on mycorrhizal fine roots and the soil microbial community in beech-spruce ecosystems on siliceous and calcareous soil [J]. Microbial Ecology, 2001, 42: 126-135.

[25] Williams M.A., Rice C.W., Owensby C.E. Carbon dynamics and microbial activity in tallgrass prairie exposed to elevated CO₂ for 8 years [J]. Plant and Soil, 2000, 227: 127-137.

[26] Zak D.R., Pregitzer K.S., Curtis P.S. et al. Atmospheric CO₂ and the composition and function of soil microbial communities [J]. Ecological Applications, 2000, 10: 44-59.

[27] Zak D.R., Pregitzer K.S., King J.S. et al. Elevated atmospheric CO₂, fine roots and the response of soil microorganisms: a review and hypothesis [J]. New Phytologist, 2000, 147: 201-222.

[28] Yumei Zhou, Shijie Han, Junhui Zhang et al. Photosynthetic characteristics of three tree species seedlings in Changbai Mountain under different CO₂ concentrations [J]. Chin J Applied Ecology, 2002, 13(1): 41-27. (in Chinese)

[29] Zhou J.Z., Bruns M., James M. et al. DNA recovery from soils of diversecomposition [J]. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 1996, 62: 316-322.