Preparation and Properties of Regenerated Cellulose/Amylopectin Blend Fibers from 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride with Controlled Biodegradation

Abstract

Regenerated cellulose/amylopectin blend fibers with controlled biodegradation were produced using dry-jet wet-spinning technology from cellulose/amylopectin/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride blends. Morphological, structural and chemical analyses revealed that dense, homogeneous and void-free blend fibers were prepared in a two-stage dissolution process. The blend fibers were regenerated from water and treated with water or 95%(volume fraction) ethanol. However, cellulose-amylopectin interactions caused crystalline rearrangements in the blend fibers, resulting in a general decrease in crystallinity. Generally, tensile properties decreased with increasing amylopectin content, except that the blend fibers with 10%(mass fraction) amylopectin exhibited higher tensile strength than the regenerated cellulose control fibers. Ethanol treatment reduced the hydrophilicity of the blend fibers, increasing the crystallinity of the blend fibers. The blend fibers exhibited remarkable degradation, directly proportional to the amylopectin content. Despite higher crystallinity, ethanol-treated blend fibers degraded faster than water-treated fibers, indicating amylopectin and ethanol regulated the degradation.

Keywords

cellulose/amylopectin blend fiber / cellulose / amylopectin / 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride / ethanol

References

[1] ELSAYED S, HELLSTEN S, GUIZANI C, et al. Recycling of superbase-based ionic liquid solvents for the production of textile-grade regenerated cellulose fibers in the lyocell process[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2020, 8(37):14217-14227.

[2] SUN X T, WANG X, SUN F Q, et al. Textile waste fiber regeneration via a green chemistry approach:a molecular strategy for sustainable fashion[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(48):2105174.

[3] PARK C H, KANG Y K, IM S S. Biodegradability of cellulose fabrics[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004, 94(1):248-253.

[4] FEDORAK P M. Microbial processes in the degradation of fibers[M]//Biodegradable and Sustainable Fibres. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005:1-35.

[5] PEACOCK E E. Characterization and simulation of water-degraded archaeological textiles:a review[J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 1996, 38(1):35-47.

[6] ZAMBRANO M C, PAWLAK J J, DAYSTAR J, et al. Impact of dyes and finishes on the aquatic biodegradability of cotton textile fibers and microfibers released on laundering clothes:correlations between enzyme adsorption and activity and biodegradation rates[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021,165:112030.

[7] MARGARITI C. The effects of micro-organisms in simulated soil burial on cellulosic and proteinaceous textiles and the morphology of the fibres[J]. Studies in Conservation, 2021, 66(5):282-297.

[8] SHOJAEI K M, DADASHIAN F, MONTAZER M. Recycling of cellulosic fibers by enzymatic process[J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2012, 166(3):744-752.

[9] HAN S J, YOO Y J, KANG H S. Characterization of a bifunctional cellulase and its structural gene.The cell gene of Bacillus sp.D04 has exo- and endoglucanase activity[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1995, 270(43):26012-26019.

[10] WHITE P, HAYHURST M, TAYLOR J, et al. Lyocell fibres[M]//Biodegradable and Sustainable Fibres. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005:157-190.

[11] RAHMANI A M, GAHLOT P, MOUSTAKAS K, et al. Pretreatment methods to enhance solubilization and anaerobic biodegradability of lignocellulosic biomass(wheat straw):progress and challenges[J]. Fuel, 2022,319:123726.

[12] ROYER S J, WIGGIN K, KOGLER M, et al. Degradation of synthetic and wood-based cellulose fabrics in the marine environment:comparative assessment of field,aquarium,and bioreactor experiments[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,791:148060.

[13] NAGAMINE R, KOBAYASHI K, KUSUMI R, et al. Cellulose fiber biodegradation in natural waters:river water,brackish water,and seawater[J]. Cellulose, 2022, 29(5):2917-2926.

[14] ZAMBRANO M C, PAWLAK J J, DAYSTAR J, et al. Aerobic biodegradation in freshwater and marine environments of textile microfibers generated in clothes laundering:effects of cellulose and polyester-based microfibers on the microbiome[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2020,151:110826.

[15] SüLAR V, DEVRIM G. Biodegradation behaviour of different textile fibres:visual,morphological,structural properties and soil analyses[J]. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2019, 27(133):100-111.

[16] ROM M, FABIA J, GRüBEL K, et al. Study of the biodegradability of polylactide fibers in wastewater treatment processes[J]. Polimery, 2017, 62(11/12):834-840.

[17] RUDNIK E, BRIASSOULIS D. Degradation behaviour of poly(lactic acid) films and fibres in soil under Mediterranean field conditions and laboratory simulations testing[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2011, 33(3):648-658.

[18] OMURA T, KOMIYAMA K, MAEHARA A, et al. Elastic marine biodegradable fibers produced from poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutylate-co-4-hydroxybutylate] and evaluation of their biodegradability[J]. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2021, 3(12):6479-6487.

[19] LV S S, ZHANG Y H, GU J Y, et al. Biodegradation behavior and modelling of soil burial effect on degradation rate of PLA blended with starch and wood flour[J]. Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces, 2017,159:800-808.

[20] WYPYCH G. Handbook of material weathering[M]. 5th ed. Toronto: ChemTec Publishing, 2013.

[21] SPIRIDON I, ANGHEL N, BELE A. Behavior of biodegradable composites based on starch reinforced with modified cellulosic fibers[J]. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2015, 26(9):1189-1197.

[22] TAN X Y, LI X X, CHEN L, et al. Solubility of starch and microcrystalline cellulose in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid and solution rheological properties[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics:PCCP, 2016, 18(39):27584-27593.

[23] LIU W Q, BUDTOVA T. Ionic liquid:a powerful solvent for homogeneous starch-cellulose mixing and making films with tuned morphology[J]. Polymer, 2012, 53(25):5779-5787.

[24] MIYAMOTO H, YAMANE C, SEGUCHI M, et al. Structure and properties of cellulose-starch blend films regenerated from aqueous sodium hydroxide solution[J]. Food Science and Technology Research, 2009, 15(4):403-412.

[25] TUHIN M O, RAHMAN N, HAQUE M E, et al. Modification of mechanical and thermal property of chitosan-starch blend films[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2012, 81(10):1659-1668.

[26] LIU P, LI Y, SHANG X Q, et al. Starch-zinc complex and its reinforcement effect on starch-based materials[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019,206:528-538.

[27] ZIA-UD-DIN, XIONG H G,FEI P.Physical and chemical modification of starches:a review[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2017, 57(12):2691-2705.

[28] PERES G L, LEITE D C, DA SILVEIRA N P.Ultrasound effect on molecular weight reduction of amylopectin[J]. Starch, 2015, 67(5/6):407-414.

[29] MIYAMOTO H, AGO M, YAMANE C, et al. Supermolecular structure of cellulose/amylose blends prepared from aqueous NaOH solutions and effects of amylose on structural formation of cellulose from its solution[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 2011, 346(6):807-814.

[30] PARK S, OH Y, YUN J, et al. Characterization of blended cellulose/biopolymer films prepared using ionic liquid[J]. Cellulose, 2020, 27(9):5101-5119.

[31] NECHWATAL A, MICHELS C, KOSAN B, et al. Lyocell blend fibers with cationic starch:potential and properties[J]. Cellulose, 2004, 11(2):265-272.

[32] WENDLER F. Polysaccharide blend fibres formed from NaOH,N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate[J]. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2010, 18(2):21-30.

[33] YAO W Q, WENG Y Y, CATCHMARK J M. Improved cellulose X-ray diffraction analysis using Fourier series modeling[J]. Cellulose, 2020, 27(10):5563-5579.

[34] LOPEZ-RUBIO A, FLANAGAN B M, GILBERT E P, et al. A novel approach for calculating starch crystallinity and its correlation with double helix content:a combined XRD and NMR study[J]. Biopolymers, 2008, 89(9):761-768.

[35] CHEN X, LIANG S W, WANG S W, et al. Linear viscoelastic response and steady shear viscosity of native cellulose in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate[J]. Journal of Rheology, 2018, 62(1):81-87.

[36] ZAHRA H, SELINGER J, SAWADA D, et al. Evaluation of keratin-cellulose blend fibers as precursors for carbon fibers[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2022, 10(26):8314-8325.

[37] LI C, HE M, TONG Z, et al. Construction of biocompatible regenerated cellulose/SPI composite beads using high-voltage electrostatic technique[J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(58):52528-52538.

[38] WICAKSONO J A, PURWADARIA T, YULANDI A, et al. Bacterial dynamics during the burial of starch-based bioplastic and oxo-low-density-polyethylene in compost soil[J]. BMC Microbiology, 2022, 22(1):309.

[39] ZHU K K, TU H, YANG P C, et al. Mechanically strong chitin fibers with nanofibril structure,biocompatibility,and biodegradability[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(6):2078-2087.

[40] BRUNŠEK R, KOPITAR D, SCHWARZ I, et al. Biodegradation properties of cellulose fibers and PLA biopolymer[J]. Polymers, 2023, 15(17):3532.